江苏省中小学生身体形态变化趋势分析

目的了解江苏省中小学生身体形态变化情况。方法收集1985年、1995年、2005年和2014年江苏省中小学生体质调研数据,对7～18岁学生身高和体重指标变化情况进行对比分析。结果 1985—2014年江苏省7～18岁中小学生身高和体重均呈增加趋势。2014年与1985年相比,各年龄组城市男生身高增加3.9～11.9cm,乡村男生增加5.4～17.9cm,城市女生增加2.7～8.9cm,乡村女生增加3.3～14.4cm,城市男生体重增加6.9～15.5kg,乡村男生增加6.6～17.6kg,城市女生增加4.5～10.6kg,乡村女生增加1.5～13.0kg。平均身高和体重最大增幅男生高于女生,乡村高于城市。2014年城市组学生平均身高和体重增幅低于1995年和2005年,乡村组学生相对稳定增长。结论 1985—2014年江苏省中小学生身体形态各指标持续增加,发育状况得到了极大改善。     

1975-2005年中国7岁以下儿童体格发育变化趋势

目的 了解1975-2005年间我国儿童体格发育变化趋势和特点.方法 资料来源于1975、1985、1995及2005年中国9个城市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查.调查点为北京、哈尔滨、西安、上海、南京、武汉、福州、广州及昆明市的城区及郊区县.采取随机整群抽样的方法,抽取刚初生至差1 d不满7岁的健康儿童,分22个年龄组,每市、每个年龄组、城乡男女儿童各150～200名.1975年样本量为158 400名,1985年样本量为152 874名,1995年样本量为157 362名,2005年样本量为138 775名.分析7岁以下儿童身高、体重、头围、胸围的变化.结果 30年间,无论城、乡、男、女,多数年龄组儿童的平均体重、身高均有明显增长.其中12～15个月组体重增长0.76～1.14 kg,6～7岁组增长2.58～3.26 ks;12～15个月组身高增长2.7～3.8 cm,6～7岁组增长5.0～7.6 cm.胸围4个月前几乎无增长,4个月后略有增长;头围增长幅度最小,增幅在0.1～1.0 cm之间.1975-1985年、1985-1995年、1995-2005年身高、体重每10年的增幅逐渐变大,其中5～6岁城市男童体重分别增长0.58、1.02、1.67 kg,身高分别增长1.5、2.0和2.6 cm.身高的城乡差距逐渐缩小,其中6～7岁组男童的城乡差别由1975年的4.9 cm降至2005年的2.6 cm;体重城乡差距的变化则为3岁前略有缩小,3岁后却逐渐增大,其中6～7岁组男童体重的城乡差异由1975年的1.14 kg增大至2005年的1.72 kg.身高、体重的地区差别也有逐渐缩小的趋势.结论9个城市儿童生长发育水平明显提高,呈快速增长趋势;身高、体重的城乡差别、地区差别有逐渐缩小趋势.     

宁夏回族青少年1985-2005年生长变化趋势分析

目的分析1985-2005年回族儿童青少年生长发育长期变化,为制定学校卫生工作发展规划提供依据。方法采用1985-2005年"全国学生体质健康调研"体系资料,分析宁夏回族自治区7～18岁回族中小学生身高、体重和BMI各阶段变化,并进行比较。结果20 a来回族7～18岁男、女生身高平均增加4.0和2.7 cm,体重平均增加4.5和3.1 kg,BMI平均增加1.1和0.9 kg/m2。18岁男、女生身高分别增加了1.5和1.1 cm。结论回族儿童青少年身高、体重和BMI均出现全面增长,呈明显的生长长期趋势。应注意儿童期生长提高速度减缓和乡村学生生长发育问题。     

我国中小学生体格发育南北差异比较

目的了解中国北方与南方儿童青少年体格发育水平与变化趋势,为开展学校卫生保健工作提供信息与指导。方法根据全国1985年和2005年学生体质调研的资料,统一按照1985年首次全国学生体质调研所确定的南北方省份,采用加权平均值法对2005年公布的14个北方省份、14个南方省份的数据进行合并。结果 1985年和2005年北方学生身高、体重和胸围的生长水平持续高于南方同龄学生(P<0.05或P<0.01);1985-2005年的20 a间,7~18岁北方与南方学生身高差距平均缩小了0.08 cm(城男)、0.12 cm(城女)、0.63 cm(乡男)和0.80 cm(乡女),体重差距平均扩大了1.07 kg(城男)、0.51 kg(城女)、0.69 kg(乡男)和0.22 kg(乡女),胸围差距平均扩大了0.24 cm(城男)、0.55 cm(乡男)和0.43 cm(乡女)。结论我国学生体格发育呈现"北高南矮"的趋势,身高发育的南北差距缩小,体重和胸围发育的南北差距扩大。     

2011年上海市松江区中小学生生长发育状况分析

目的 了解现阶段上海市松江区中小学生生长发育的状况和规律,分析生长发育的变化趋势,为青春期保健的研究提供参考数据.方法 从松江区30所小学和33所中学中随机抽取27 834名7 ～17岁在校生,按规范测量其身高、体重.结果 松江区7～17岁男生平均身高年均增长4.6 cm,女生年均增长3.5 cm;7～17岁男生平均体重年均增长3.8 kg,女生年均增长2.9 kg.7～17岁男女生的身高及体重差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),均随年龄的增长而增加.结论 松江区中小学生生长发育规律符合全国总体规律,女生生长发育突增年龄与上海市一致,而男生稍晚,生长发育趋势有其显著的年龄性别特征.     

云南省1985-2014年汉族儿童青少年生长长期趋势分析

分析1985-2014年云南省汉族儿童青少年的生长长期变化,为促进学生体质与健康提供依据.方法 收集1985、1995、2005和2014年4次云南省7~18岁汉族学生的身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)、月经初潮(女)和首次遗精(男)年龄以及坐高/身高指数资料进行动态分析.结果 近30 a来,7~18岁城男、乡男、城女和乡女的身高平均增幅分别为6.8,9.0,4.9,7.2 cm,体重平均增幅分别为8.9,7.6,5.2,5.0 kg.2014年男生首次遗精和女生月经初潮年龄分别较1995或1985年提前了0.29岁和1.10岁.30 a间,城男、乡男、城女和乡女BMI平均增幅分别为2.2,1.4,1.3,0.8 kg/m2.2014年云南省汉族城男、乡男、城女和乡女成年身高分别比1985年增高了3.5,4.6,1.4,2.8 cm.结论 云南省汉族儿童青少年儿童期生长水平提高、青春期提前、身材比例变化、成年身高增长,步入生长长期趋势轨道.应加强重视,采取各种有效措施促进儿童青少年的健康成长.     

少数民族儿童青少年生长长期变化趋势分析

目的探讨回族、维吾尔族、壮族、朝鲜族儿童青少年1985-2005年生长长期变化特点、规律和趋势,为改善和提高中国少数民族儿童青少年生长发育水平提供科学依据。方法分析中国学生体质与健康调研中的回、维、壮、朝鲜族7~18岁中小学生身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)、身高最大增长年龄(MIA)的增幅和不同阶段增速,并以18岁年龄组为个案计算成年身高的持续增长和性别差异。结果 1985-2005年,回、维、壮、朝鲜族7~18岁中小学生身高平均增长幅度男生为3.76~6.10 cm,女生为1.62~4.81 cm;体重增长幅度男生为3.37~7.03 kg,女生为1.95~5.42 kg;体质指数(BMI)增长幅度男生为0.71~1.72 kg/m2,女生为0.36~1.43 kg/m2;MIA除回族外均提前1~3岁;成年身高出现增长,但幅度大多数不大,性差不足13 cm。结论回、维、壮族人群处于生长长期趋势的初期阶段,朝鲜族已步入快速阶段,4个少数民族人群生长长期趋势潜力较大。     

基于身高变化的中国7~12岁儿童健康公平性研究

分析1985-2010年基于身高变化我国儿童健康公平状况及变化情况,为相关政策的制定提供依据.方法 利用1985-2010年中国学生体质与健康调研报告中的7~12岁儿童身高资料和国家统计数据库的GDP资料,分析儿童身高与人均GDP的相关性,比较城乡及东中西部儿童身高的差异,利用集中指数定量研究儿童健康公平性及变化情况.结果 1985-2010年人均GDP与城乡7~12岁儿童身高之间存在正相关,除12岁年龄组外,相关系数r值均>0.8(P值均<0.05).1985-2010年间,城乡儿童身高差值男生从4.13 cm减少至3.24 cm,女生从4.57 cm减少至3.07 cm;东部和中部地区的平均身高差值男生从1.62 cm增大至2.27 cm,女生从1.78 cm增大至2.61 cm,东、西部差值男生从3.01 cm增大至4.41 cm,女生从2.92 cm增大至4.57 cm.各省身高的集中指数均为正值,25年间男生集中指数由0.006增长至0.007,女生由0.006增长至0.008.从1985到2005年,除1991年最低外,集中指数的绝对值逐年增大,而2010年略有降低.结论 经济水平与儿童身高存在正相关,1985-2010年儿童身高的城乡差异缩小,东中西部差异有所扩大.自1985-2005年儿童健康不公平程度有所增加,2010年略有下降.     

青少年成年身高的长期变化及其影响因素

一、成年身高增长是生长长期趋势的重要表现 　　生长长期趋势（secular growth trend）,是近两个世纪以来发生的人类生物学重大现象之一,表现为儿童生长水平提高,青春期发育提前,成年身高持续增长.欧美各国儿童和少年1880至1998年的生长变化表明：5～7岁人群的身高和体重增幅分别为1 cm/10年和0.3 kg/10年;8～11岁人群的身高和体重增幅分别为1.3 cm/10年和0.5 kg/10年;12～15岁青春期阶段身高增幅男性为2.5 cm/10年、女性为2.1 cm/10年,体重增幅男性为2 kg/10年、女性为1.5 kg/10年;18岁成年男女性身高增幅分别为0.6～1.1 cm/10年和0.4～0.8 cm/10年.     

中国部分少数民族17岁女学生生长长期变化分析

目的 分析中国部分少数民族17岁女学生20年(1985--2005年)生长长期变化特点、规律和趋势.方法 利用1985、2005年“全国学生体质健康调研”资料,分析蒙古族、回族、壮族、朝鲜族、藏族、苗族、布依族、侗族、瑶族、白族、土家族、哈尼族、傣族、傈僳族、佤族、纳西族、土族、羌族、撒拉族19个少数民族女生月经初潮年龄(AAM)和17岁女生身高、体重的变化.结果 中国部分少数民族女生的成年身高和体重有很大幅度提高.2005年各民族17岁女生的平均身高均超过150 cm,其中身高每10年增速超过1 cm的民族有6个:朝鲜族(1.47 cm)、土家族(1.38cm)、羌族(1.32 cm)、白族(1.25 cm)、回族(1.13 cm)和布依族(1.07 cm).体重每10年增速超过1kg的民族有6个:蒙古族(1.79 kg)、朝鲜族(1.69 kg)、藏族(1.66 kg)、纳西族(1.39 kg)、羌族(1.28kg)和回族(1.10kg).19个少数民族女生的AAM均有不同程度的提前,提前最多的前3位分别是土家族、瑶族和纳西族,分别提前2.15、1.76和1.38岁.结论 中国大部分少数民族女生出现较为明显的生长长期趋势,但各民族女生青春期发育和成年身高增长幅度存在明显的不平衡,要给予生长长期趋势增长缓慢的少数民族更高的关注.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.