解读2009年中医基本现状调查

中医基本现状调查主要内容、做法◆主要内容本次调查内容主要包括中医医疗服务资源情况、中医药服务提供情况、中医医疗机构运营情况、中医药特色优势发挥情况、医疗机构中医药从业人员基本情况、医疗机构中医药科研基本情况、中医药发展有关政策落实情况等七个方面。调查对象为县级以上地方中医药管理部门,各级各类医院、基层医疗卫生机构、门诊部和中医类诊所等。调查方法采用统一设计的调查表,由调查对象自行     

84户居民家庭药箱药物管理和使用情况分析

为了解城市居民家庭药箱药物管理和使用情况,笔者采用进入社区入户的形式开展调查,现将调查情况分析如下。1调查对象及方法1.1调查对象本次共入户调查113户,     

为满足老百姓的中医药需求而努力 访国家中医药管理局副局长于文明

《中国卫生人才》:这次中医摸"家底"工作关注的重点有哪些?调查得出的结论和您此前对中医发展情况的研判和预期一致吗?于文明:2009年中医基本现状调查是新中国成立以来第一次全国范围内涉及各级各类医疗机构中医基本情况的全面调查。本次调查关注的重点内容主要包括中医医疗服务资源状况、中医药服务提供情况、中医医疗机构运营情况、中医药特色优势发挥情况、医疗机构中医药从业人员基本情况、医疗机构中医药科研基本情况、中医药发展有关政策落实情况等七个方面。调查对象为县级以上地方中医药管理部门,各级各类医院、基层医疗卫生机构、门诊部和中医类诊所等。从调查的结果来看,和我们之前对中医发展情况的研判基本一致。例如,     

永嘉县中塘社区慢性病综合防治情况调查

慢性病综合防治基本情况调查,能摸清该地区慢性病患病情况、慢性病相关危险因素,为慢性病防治提供基础资料,还为卫生行政部门提供慢性病预防控制的重要决策。2005年8月2—11日我们在上塘镇中塘社区开展慢性病综合防治基本情况调查工作,共调查35岁以上居民1476人,全部经过慢性病流行病学情况调查初筛确定。     

武清区乡镇工业职业卫生服务需求调查

2000年5月,为了了解我区乡镇工业职业病危害状况及卫生服务需求情况,我们开展了职业危害基本情况调查、重点调查和意向性调查,以期采取相应对策。一、调查内容1.基本情况调查(1)基本情况乡镇工业在我区国民经济中占有重要的地位,乡镇厂矿数1070个(占企业总     

一起亚硝酸盐中毒背后的启示

目的通过对一起疑似食物中毒的调查分析,探讨流行病学调查的重要作用。方法采用流行病学调查,结合病人的临床表现及实验室检验结果进行分析。结果由于调查人员未对种种可疑情况进行深入的调查分析,丧失向公安机关提供线索的机会,最终导致命案的发生。结论流调人员应对各种可疑情况进行深入的调查,认真分析研究调查结果,对任何蛛丝马迹和可疑情况均不能放过,若不能排除投毒可能时,均应向公安机关报案,维护社会公众健康安全的正当权益。     

嘉兴地区5岁以下儿童轮状病毒腹泻的疾病负担

目的:了解嘉兴地区5岁以下儿童轮状病毒腹泻疾病负担情况。方法:采用系统抽样法,抽取2018—2019年嘉兴市秀洲区各乡镇/街道报告的300例5岁以下轮状病毒腹泻病例作为调查对象。采用自行设计的调查表,获取调查对象基本情况和治疗情况,以及生病期间亲属陪护情况和生命质量等情况,综合评估疾病负担。结果:300例患儿的调查问卷...     

肿瘤患者感知处方复杂度的情况调查分析

目的 探讨肿瘤患者感知处方复杂度的情况调查.方法 采用便利抽样法选取2019年2月至2020年12月本院肿瘤内科病区出院患者236例作为调查对象,采用自制一般情况问卷、处方复杂度指数(medication regimen complexity index,MRCI)量表对患者基本特征和处方复杂度情况进行调查.结果 肿瘤...     

盐都县农村中小学校卫生工作现状调查

为全面了解我县农村中小学校卫生工作状况 ,制订学校卫生规划提供科学论据 ,我们于 2 0 0 1年对全县 2 0个农村乡镇中小学校卫生状况进行了调查。现将调查情况报告如下。1　对象和方法1.1　调查对象　我县农村中小学校 (小学、初级中学和高中 )。1.2　调查内容　中小学校基本情况、健康教育教师队伍状况、健康教育开课情况、学校卫生保健室建设情况、保健老师队伍情况和学校卫生工作开展情况等。1.3　调查方法　制订统一的农村中小学校卫生工作基本情况调查表 ,抽调各乡镇卫生院从事学校卫生防疫工作人员 ,在进行培训后 ,分赴各乡镇、村中小…     

昆山市医院污水处理调查

为加强对昆山市医院污水处理情况的监测管理 ,督促医院污水排放卫生质量达到国家标准 ,于 2 0 0 4- 0 7对全市各级医疗机构排放的污水处理现状、排放卫生质量进行调查 ,现将结果报告如下。1　对象与方法1 1　对象　昆山市医院及各级门诊共 2 7家 (市级医院 6家、乡镇卫生院 16家、民营医院或门诊 5家 )。1 2　医院污水处理现状调查　按“昆山市医院污水基本情况调查表”对全市医疗机构污水的处理、排放情况进行调查 ,包括医院基本情况、病床数、污水排放量、设备运转情况、处理方式、自检情况等。1 3　医院污水排放卫生质量调查　全市医疗机…     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan-protein conjugates protect against tuberculosis

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a major structural surface component of mycobacteria. Arabinomannan (AM) oligosaccharides derived from LAM of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv were isolated and covalently conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) or to short-term culture filtrate proteins (antigen 85B (Ag85B) or a 75kDa protein) from M. tuberculosis strain Harlingen. The different AM oligosaccharide (AMOs)-protein conjugate vaccine candidates proved to be highly immunogenic, inducing boosterable IgG responses against the AMOs portion of the conjugates in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Proliferation of T-cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized with the conjugates was seen upon in vitro stimulation with PPD. In C57BL/6 mice subcutaneous immunization with the AMOs-antigen 85B conjugate in alum provided significant protection compared to sham (alum only) immunized mice (P < 0.021) as estimated by long term survival against intravenous challenge with 10(5) M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Subcutaneous immunization followed by nasal boost with an AMOs-TT conjugate in Eurocine L3 adjuvant provided high (P < 0.025) protection as determined by long term survival after intranasal challenge with 10(5) virulent M. tuberculosis strain Harlingen. This level of protection was comparable to that obtained with the conventional live attenuated BCG vaccine. In guinea-pigs, immunization with AMOs-Ag85B in Eurocine L3 adjuvant followed by aerogenic challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv resulted in increased survival and reduced pathology in lungs and spleens relative to non-immunized animals.     

Treatment of tuberculosis

Even though children with tuberculosis (TB) tend to be noninfectious and not a risk to the community, they need to be treated. Proper treatment will cure them quickly. To prevent resistance, the anti-TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, and thiacetazone) must be prescribed in an appropriate combination and in the right dosage, and they must be taken regularly under supervision and for a sufficient period of time. Treatment regimens with both isoniazid and rifampicin are the most effective regimens. Regimens can be shortened from 12-18 months to 6-8 months if they contain rifampicin. They are called short-course chemotherapy (SCC). SCC achieves higher completion rates and better cure rates than long-course chemotherapy. Health workers should abide by the national guidelines or, if there are no national guidelines, the World Health Organization's TB treatment guidelines. TB SCC begins with an initial intensive phase that lasts for a minimum of 2 months. It consists of a combination of at least 3 drugs to eliminate as many TB bacilli as possible and to prevent drug resistance. Fewer drugs are needed for the continuation phase that lasts for 4-6 months. Anti-TB drugs can be taken daily or 3 times a week. The final outcome of the intermittent therapy is the same as the daily therapy. Intermittent therapy is less suitable for young children. In children, the anti-TB regimen depends on pretreatment weight and is adjusted if necessary after 2 months. Health workers need to make sure that children with TB have no other infections. Malnutrition exacerbates the child's ability to fight infections. Young TB patients should be encouraged to eat. Adults are considered cured when their sputum smear changes from positive to negative; for children the best indications of a successful cure are completion of treatment, weight gain, and improvement in general health. Children rarely experience relapse and failure. Incorrect diagnosis or not taking the drugs usually accounts for failure. Sometimes drug resistant TB is responsible.     

Microbiology of tuberculosis

For a century, the diagnosis of tuberculosis, based on bacilloscopy and the isolation and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cultures, has been slow and not very sensitive. This has made it necessary on occasions to initiate treatment with tuberculostatics in an empirical way. The routine incorporation of liquid mediums and molecular genetic techniques in the final decade of the XX century brought an important advance by clearly increasing the sensitivity, precision and rapidity of diagnosis. The present blossoming of molecular techniques is making possible a better understanding of the disease's epidemiology, the factors of virulence and the mechanisms of resistance, which in the near future will give rise to new strategies of prevention and for treating the disease.     

Immunology of tuberculosis

Various T cells and macrophages as well as cytokines are involved in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). A better understanding of immunology of TB can not only lead to the discovery of new immunodiagnostic tools, accelerate and facilitate the assessment of new therapeutic methods, but also find new treatment regimens. In this highlight topic we cover the latest developments in the role of T cells, macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, invariant NK T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells with TB infection. Histologically, TB displays exudative inflammation, proliferative inflammation and productive inflammation depending on the time course. T cells first recognize antigen within the mycobacterially-infected lung, and then activate, differentiate, but the first T cell activation occurs in the draining lymph nodes of the lung. When protective T cells reach sufficient numbers, they can stop bacterial growth. Except for T cells, neutrophils also participate actively in defense against early-phase TB. NK cells are innate lymphocytes which are a first line of defense against mycobacterial infection. Human NK cells use the NKp46, NCRs and NKG2D receptors to lyse Mycobacterium TB-infected monocytes and alveolar macrophages. NK cells produce not only interferon-γ, but also interleukin (IL)-22, which is induced by IL-15 and DAP-10. iNKT cells show different phenotypes and functions. Many iNKT cells are CD4+, few iNKT cells are CD8+, while an additional fraction of iNKT cells are negative for both CD4 and CD8. γδ T cells represent an early innate defense in antimycobacterial immunity. Studies done in humans and animal models have demonstrated complex patterns of γδ T cell immune responses during chronic TB. Human alveolar macrophages and monocytes can serve as antigen presentation cells for γδ T cells. Furthermore, the predominance of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in TB has been confirmed.     

结核病分类WS 196—2017

正前言本标准第3章为强制性条款,其余为推荐性条款。本标准按照GB/T1.1—2009给出的规则起草。本标准代替WS 196—2001《结核病分类》。本标准与WS 196—2001相比,主要技术变化如下:——增加了结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染者、非活动性结核病分类(见3.1、3.3);——将气管结核病、支气管结核病、结核性胸膜炎纳入肺结核分类和管理(见3.2.2.1)。