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1.
On March 19, 2013, a patient from United Arab Emirates who had severe respiratory infection was transferred to a hospital in Germany, 11 days after symptom onset. Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was suspected on March 21 and confirmed on March 23; the patient, who had contact with an ill camel shortly before symptom onset, died on March 26. A contact investigation was initiated to identify possible person-to-person transmission and assess infection control measures. Of 83 identified contacts, 81 were available for follow-up. Ten contacts experienced mild symptoms, but test results for respiratory and serum samples were negative for MERS-CoV. Serologic testing was done for 53 (75%) of 71 nonsymptomatic contacts; all results were negative. Among contacts, the use of FFP2/FFP3 face masks during aerosol exposure was more frequent after MERS-CoV infection was suspected than before. Infection control measures may have prevented nosocomial transmission of the virus.  相似文献   

2.
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel respiratory pathogen first reported in 2012. During September 2014–January 2015, an outbreak of 38 cases of MERS was reported from 4 healthcare facilities in Taif, Saudi Arabia; 21 of the 38 case-patients died. Clinical and public health records showed that 13 patients were healthcare personnel (HCP). Fifteen patients, including 4 HCP, were associated with 1 dialysis unit. Three additional HCP in this dialysis unit had serologic evidence of MERS-CoV infection. Viral RNA was amplified from acute-phase serum specimens of 15 patients, and full spike gene-coding sequencing was obtained from 10 patients who formed a discrete cluster; sequences from specimens of 9 patients were closely related. Similar gene sequences among patients unlinked by time or location suggest unrecognized viral transmission. Circulation persisted in multiple healthcare settings over an extended period, underscoring the importance of strengthening MERS-CoV surveillance and infection-control practices.  相似文献   

3.
To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. None of the 48 contacts showed evidence of MERS-CoV infection.  相似文献   

4.
目的 掌握浙江省台州地区新报告艾滋病毒(HIV)感染者的危险行为网络特征.方法 对2008年5月至2010年3月间新报告的HIV感染者及其所提供的高危行为接触者追踪调查和HIV检测(简称"溯源调查"),并详细调查其相关危险行为网络特征.结果 研究期间台州地区共新报告HIV感染者267例,其中191例(71.5%)HIV感染者作为指示病例参与溯源调查,包括第一轮发现报告的158例及随后通过溯源调查从其高危接触者中新发现的33例HIV感染者.HIV感染以经异性性传播途径为主(74.9%,143/191),其次是经男男性接触传播(19.4%,37/191),注射吸毒传播11例(5.8%,11/191).191例HIV感染者共累计报告1152名高危接触者,并提供了其中461名最熟悉者的联络方式,其中129例接受HIV检测,61例(47.3%)检测阳性;以指示病例 的配偶或固定性伴及男男同性性伴中HIV阳性检出率为高,分别为45.6%(47/103)和60.0%(12/20).指示病例在与高危接触者发生性行为时安全套使用率低,坚持使用安全套者仅占33.9%.结论 浙江省台州地区新报告HIV感染者危险行为网络规模较大,安全套使用率较低,高危行为复杂,HIV传播风险较大;在男男性接触人群中该特征尤为显著.应针对重点人群和网络特征环节实施行为干预以降低HIV传播.  相似文献   

5.
云南省德宏州新报告艾滋病病毒感染者溯源调查   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
目的 对新报告HIV感染者的高危接触者进行逐级追踪调查和HIV检测(溯源调查),评价其作为一种艾滋病检测和防控策略的有效性和可行性.方法 对云南省德宏州2008年8-10月新报告的HIV感染者335例及其高危接触者(接触者)进行溯源调查.结果将335例中的309例以及从接触者中发现的148例HIV感染者纳入本次溯源调查.累计报告接触者3395人,其中有联系信息的接触者704人(20.7%);704人中成功追踪调查361人(51.3%);其中67.6%(244/361)为HIV感染情况不详;有83.2%(203/244)接受HIV检测,新检出HIV阳性56例,阳性检出率为27.6%(56/203).HIV感染者的配偶有联系信息的比例和追踪调查率分别为68.8%(280/407)、68.2%(191/280);远高于商业性伴1.2%(24/1978)、16.7%(4/24),非商业非配偶性伴37.3%(202/542)、22.3%(45/202),以及共用针具者34.1%(140/410)、56.4%(79/140).结论 溯源调查新检出的HIV阳性率高;但是对商业性伴和非商业非配偶性伴的追踪调查存在难度;开展溯源调查有助于发现更多的HIV感染者、掌握和控制艾滋病疫情.  相似文献   

6.
In early April 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was diagnosed in a Pennsylvania resident after his exposure to persons with SARS in Toronto, Canada. To identify contacts of the case-patient and evaluate the risk for SARS transmission, a detailed epidemiologic investigation was performed. On the basis of this investigation, 26 persons (17 healthcare workers, 4 household contacts, and 5 others) were identified as having had close contact with this case-patient before infection-control practices were implemented. Laboratory evaluation of clinical specimens showed no evidence of transmission of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection to any close contact of this patient. This investigation documents that, under certain circumstances, SARS-CoV is not readily transmitted to close contacts, despite ample unprotected exposures. Improving the understanding of risk factors for transmission will help focus public health control measures.  相似文献   

7.
In 2012, a novel coronavirus associated with severe respiratory disease in humans emerged in the Middle East. Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here we provide experimental support for camels as a reservoir for MERS-CoV. We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. Clinical signs of the MERS-CoV infection were benign, but each of the camels shed large quantities of virus from the upper respiratory tract. We detected infectious virus in nasal secretions through 7 days postinoculation, and viral RNA up to 35 days postinoculation. The pattern of shedding and propensity for the upper respiratory tract infection in dromedary camels may help explain the lack of systemic illness among naturally infected camels and the means of efficient camel-to-camel and camel-to-human transmission.  相似文献   

8.
To evaluate the risk of transmission of SARS coronavirus outside of the health-care setting, close household and community contacts of laboratory-confirmed SARS cases were identified and followed up for clinical and laboratory evidence of SARS infection. Individual- and household-level risk factors for transmission were investigated. Nine persons with serological evidence of SARS infection were identified amongst 212 close contacts of 45 laboratory-confirmed SARS cases (secondary attack rate 4.2%, 95% CI 1.5-7). In this cohort, the average number of secondary infections caused by a single infectious case was 0.2. Two community contacts with laboratory evidence of SARS coronavirus infection had mild or sub-clinical infection, representing 3% (2/65) of Vietnamese SARS cases. There was no evidence of transmission of infection before symptom onset. Physically caring for a symptomatic laboratory-confirmed SARS case was the only independent risk factor for SARS transmission (OR 5.78, 95% CI 1.23-24.24).  相似文献   

9.
10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency with which methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread from colonized or infected patients to their household and community contacts. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Household and community contacts of MRSA-colonized or -infected patients for whom MRSA screening cultures were performed. RESULTS: MRSA was isolated from 25 (14.5%) of 172 individuals. Among the contacts of index patients who had at least one MRSA-colonized contact, those with close contact to the index patient were 7.5 times more likely to be colonized (53% vs 7%; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 50.3; P = .002). An analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility and DNA fingerprint patterns suggested person-to-person spread. CONCLUSIONS: MRSA colonization occurs frequently among household and community contacts of patients with nosocomially acquired MRSA, suggesting that transmission of nosocomially acquired MRSA outside of the healthcare setting may be a substantial source of MRSA colonization and infection in the community.  相似文献   

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