2002～2004年梧州市吸毒人群艾滋病血清学监测分析

目的了解吸毒人群HIV感染现状,为预防控制提供科学依据。方法对在戒毒所中的吸毒人员进行监测,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测FHV抗体,将所得资料进行统计分析。结果吸毒人群艾滋病感染率为51．38％．以30～39岁年龄组为高,感染率为56．00％;男女吸毒者HIV的感染率差异无统计学意义（P〈0．001）;离异、丧偶的吸毒人群中HIV感染率较高,吸毒方式以注射为主,占90．31％;59．74％的注射吸毒者共用注射器;在吸毒人群中有22．33％的人曾经有过有偿性行为,且其中仅30．97％的人使用过安全套。结论梧州市吸毒人群中HIV的感染情况较严重,必须扩大监测面,及时发现传染源,采取综合性措施．控制其流行。     

江阴市美沙酮门诊吸毒人员HBV、HCV和HIV感染状况调查

目的了解江阴市区吸毒人员HBV、HCV和HIV感染状况,以期为该地区重点人群病毒性肝炎和艾滋病毒的防治提供依据。方法检测初次来美沙酮门诊登记的吸毒人员210例样本血清中HCV-IgG,HBaAg,HIV抗体。结果该地区美沙酮门诊吸毒人员的HCV—IgG阳性率为70．48％,HBsAg阳性率为7．14％,HIV抗体的阳性率为1．43％。其中有9人为HBV和HCV合并感染,合并感染率为4．29％;有2人为HIV,HCV合并感染,合并感染率0．95％;有1人为HIV、HBV、HCV合并感染,合并感染率为0．48％．结论要重视吸毒人员的HCV和HIV的感染现状,进行重点的监管和监测,防止HCV和HIV感染加剧。     

凉山州2003～2004年HIV/AIDS的综合监测

目的：了解凉山州各类人群艾滋病病毒感染者／艾滋病(HIV／AIDS)的感染情况及高危行为，和其流行现状和趋势。方法：按照艾滋病行为和血清学监测方案的操作程序及调查方法对全州吸毒者、女性商业性性工作者、孕产妇进行行为及血清学监测。结果：2227例吸毒者艾滋病感染率为15．5％(346人)，吸毒者共用针具率为13．1％；女性商业性性工作者感染率为0．8％(3人)，只有51．1％的CSW(女性性商业工作者)在每次与客人发生性关系时都使用安全套；孕产妇监测中2004年发现首例HIV感染者。结论：我州HIV感染途径主要还是静脉吸毒共用针具及性乱，女性商业性性行为者性行为将在艾滋病向普通人群传播中起重要作用，应当加强综合干预措施等。     

新会区强制戒毒人员HIV感染现况调查

目的：了解我区吸毒者HIV感染现况及有关的流行因素，为制定针对吸毒者的预防控制措施提供依据。方法：用问卷方式对强制戒毒人员的一般情况、吸毒行为、性交易情况、梅毒感染情况及安全套使用等进行调查，同时进行HIV检测及梅毒抗体检测。结果:共调查512名强制戒毒者，HIV抗体阳性率为6．4％，外地户口吸毒者阳性率(5．0％)，高于本地户口吸毒者(10．0％)；静脉吸毒者占调查对象的67．2％，其中56．4％曾经与人共用注射器具，曾经与人共用注射器具是HIV感染的危险因素；26．2％的调查对象曾通过性交易获取钱或毒品，其中仅25．4％每次均使用安全套。结论:静脉吸毒是HIV感染的危险因素，我区吸毒人员中存在HIV广泛传播的基础和不安全性行为，应迅速采取针对性的措施控制HIV在吸毒人员中的流行。     

福州市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV及TP感染状况调查分析

目的 了解福州市吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)，乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)，丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)及梅毒(TP)感染的状况。方法 用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行抗-HIV、HBsAg、抗-HCV及TP抗体检测。结果 在582例吸毒人员标本中，共检出HBsAg阳性116例(19．9％)，抗HCV阳性358例(61．5％)，TP抗体阳性96例(16．0％)，抗-HIV未检出。采用静脉注射和烫吸方式吸毒的人员HCV阳性率分别为68．1％和48．2％。HBsAg阳性率分别为18．8％和22．3％，TP的阳性率分别为15．4％和18．6％。结论 吸毒人群是HIV、HCV、梅毒感染的高危人群，应加强对此群体的宣传教育和行为干预，对控制艾滋病、丙肝、梅毒等传染病在吸毒人群中传播具有重要意义。     

郴州市2007年吸毒人群HIV、梅毒监测结果

目的了解郴州市吸毒人群中HIV病毒、梅毒感染流行状况，为针对这一人群制定艾滋病、性病健康教育及行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法对郴州市强制戒毒所新进入所人员、社区吸毒人员共计监测401人，使用国家统一的“吸毒人员健康调查问卷”进行一对一问卷调查，同时采集调查对象的血清进行HIV抗体初筛检测及梅毒初筛检测。结果在监测的401例吸毒人员中，经初筛检出抗HIV阳性9例，感染率为2．24％（9／401），梅毒初筛检出25例，感染率为6．23％，其中男性检出13例，女性检出12例，男女感染率，存在显著性差异（x^2检验，P〈0．005）。使用毒品品种主要为海洛因，占97．26％。有215例（占59．2％）承认自己有过共用注射器或针头情况。有105例曾经通过钱或毒品交易与他人发生过性行为，监测对象性行为时安全套使用率平均为29．52％。结论郴州市吸毒人群中注射毒品比例较高，共用注射器现象普遍，且有性乱行为，安全套使用率低，存着经血和经性传播艾滋病的双重危险，应积极开展针对性的干预措施。     

苏州市2009年～2010年吸毒人员艾滋病哨点监测结果

目的:了解苏州市吸毒人群中HIV、梅毒及丙肝感染情况,为预防控制艾滋病、梅毒与丙肝的流行提供科学依据。方法:采用问卷调查方式,对吸毒人员进行询问,并采集静脉血,进行血清HIV、梅毒和丙肝抗体检测。结果:检测戒毒所新入所人员600名,检出HIV抗体阳性5名,HIV感染率为0.83%,梅毒感染率3.00%,丙肝感染率26.83%。结论:应在全社会及吸毒人群中广泛开展预防艾滋病宣传教育和行为干预,防止艾滋病由吸毒人群向一般人群蔓延,同时开展多病种联合监测,防患于未然。     

扬州市2005—2007年监管场所羁押人员HIV监测分析

目的了解扬州市监管场所中羁押人员HIV感染状况，以防止艾滋病在监管场所中传播与蔓延。方法定期对扬州市所有监管场所羁押人员进行调查，按照统一调查表填写，录入Excel并统计分析；采集静脉血5ml，用酶联免疫试剂初筛，初筛阳性标本用蛋白印记法（WB）进行确证。结果8414名羁押人员中，检出20例HIV阳性者，其中男性18人，女性2人，总检出率为0．24％。HIV感染者经吸毒感染8人（占总阳性数的40．00％），有注射吸毒史者阳性率5．26％；经性途径感染4人（占总阳性数的20．00％），有性乱史者阳性率1．12％；经血液感染1人，7人感染途径不详。结论扬州市监管场所中羁押人员HIV感染率较高，感染者主要为吸毒和性乱人员。     

绵阳市特殊场所人群HIV感染现状及相关行为调查

目的：了解绵阳市特殊场所人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染现状及相关行为特征，为防治提供科学依据。方法：采取行为问卷调查及HIV抗体检测，进行描述流行病学分析。结果：共调查3410人，HIV总感染率7．92‰，不同场所有差异，强制戒毒所最高；感染者均为男性，以低文化、未婚、无业、外来青壮年人群为主，吸毒占92．59％；静脉吸毒人员中，针具共用率50％；最近1次性交易安全套使用率13．86％；性病患病率为18．56％，就诊方式公立医院占42．67％，较个体诊所35．44％高；HIV感染者和调查人群相关行为差异不显著。结论：特殊场所人群是HIV感染高危人群，也是相关危险行为的高存在地，是HIV防治的重点。     

2009-2011年重庆口岸出入境人群梅毒感染及梅毒与HIV/HCV/HBV合并感染分析

目的了解重庆口岸出入境人群梅毒感染状况及与梅毒、艾滋病病毒(HIV)、乙肝、丙肝共感染状况。方法对2009-2011年在重庆口岸出入境的人群开展HIV、梅毒、乙肝、丙肝检测,对个案资料进行统计学分析。结果 2009-2011年重庆口岸共监测出入境人员54100名,梅毒抗体阳性963例,检出率1.78%。合并感染情况为:963例梅毒阳性感染者中,乙肝合并感染91例;梅毒与HIV合并感染4例,占HIV感染总数的10%(HIV阳性40例);梅毒与丙肝合并感染10例;梅毒、乙肝、丙肝三种合并感染2例;梅毒、乙肝、HIV合并感染1例;总合并感染率0.20%。结论应加强我国国境口岸出入境人员梅毒监测工作,尤其是劳务人员的监测,制定有效的防控对策,以防止梅毒通过国境口岸传播。     

Age-specific seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users admitted to drug treatment in 6 US cities

OBJECTIVES: This study measured age-specific seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among injection drug users (IDUs) admitted to drug treatment programs in 6 US cities. METHODS: Remnant sera collected from persons entering treatment with a history of illicit drug injection were tested for antibodies to HIV, hepatitis C (anti-HCV), and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). RESULTS: Prevalence of anti-HBc and anti-HCV increased with age and reached 80% to 100% among older IDUs in all 6 cities. Although overall age-specific HIV prevalence was lower than anti-HCV or anti-HBc, this prevalence was greater in the Northeast than in the Midwest and West. CONCLUSIONS: The need continues for effective primary prevention programs among IDUs specifically targeting young persons who have recently started to inject drugs.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C among injection drug users in England and Wales: is harm reduction working?

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to establish the prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B antibodies (anti-HBc) among injection drug users in England and Wales. METHODS: A voluntary cross-sectional survey collected oral fluid samples and behavioral information; 2203 injectors were recruited through drug agencies, and 758 were recruited in the community. RESULTS: Prevalence was 30% for anti-HCV, 21% for anti-HBc, and 0.9% for HIV antibodies. Anti-HCV prevalence rates were significantly greater among those with longer injecting careers, those in older age groups, those residing in London, those recruited in drug agencies, those positive for anti-HBc, and those with a previous voluntary HIV test. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-HCV prevalence rates among injectors in England and Wales, where comprehensive harm reduction programs exist, are lower than rates in other industrialized countries.     

Surveillance of HIV and Viral Hepatitis by Analysis of Samples from Drug Related Deaths

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of antibodies against HIV, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) in postmortem samples from drug related deaths (DRDs) in Denmark.Design: Prospective cohort study. Postmortem samples tested for anti-HIV, anti-HCV anti-HBc and anti-HBs. Comparison to pre-mortem testing when possible. DRDs were searched for in the national register of drug treatment, national prison registers, and the national infectious disease register.Setting: National level.Participants: Drug related deaths admitted to Danish Institutes of Forensic Medicine during 2004.Main outcome measures: Prevalence of antibodies, injection drug use, drug treatment experience and prevalence of cirrhosis.Results: Samples for analysis were obtained from 78% (233/299) of DRDs. The prevalences of anti-HIV, anti-HCV and anti-HBc were 4% (9/214), 51% (110/215), and 35% (74/209), indicating a persisting low prevalence of HIV and a declining prevalence of HCV and HBV. Injecting ever was detected among 45% of DRDs and this was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis B and C. Among the DRDs 56% received drug treatment and 12% had cirrhosis at autopsy. Evidence of vaccination against HBV was found among 16% (21/128).Conclusions: Monitoring of viral hepatitis and HIV among DRDs is feasible, and our survey indicates a falling prevalence among Danish drug users. Surveillance based on drug users in treatment may overestimate the true prevalence.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C in drug users in Flanders: determinants and geographic differences

The prevalence of hepatitis C and related risk factors in drug users were compared in two geographic regions in Belgium, the city of Antwerp and the mixed urban-rural area of Limburg. All 310 participants were surveyed and screened for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. Prevalence rates of anti-HCV, anti-HBc and anti-HIV were 71, 62 and 4% in Antwerp and 46, 21 and 0% in Limburg respectively. Injecting drug use, duration of injecting drug use, work as a commercial sex-worker, originating from Turkey or Northern Africa, marginalization and anti-HBc positivity were identified as independent predictors for hepatitis C infection. In this study an important difference in HCV seroprevalence among drug users in a methadone maintenance programme across two geographic regions in Belgium was demonstrated. This was explained not only by variations in drug-related risk behaviour, but also by differences in sexual risk behaviour and socio-economic status.     

Infection by hepatitis B and C virus in non-intravenous drug using female prostitutes in Spain

We have studied the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) serologic markers in female blood donors and in female prostitutes and the relationship of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) with the presence of treponemal antibodies (FTA-ABS) in non-intravenous drug using female prostitutes. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was found in 1.0% of the female blood donors, anti-HBc in 15.6% and anti-HCV in 0.7%. In the prostitutes, the prevalence of HBsAg was 6.1%, anti-HBc was positive in 29.0% and anti-HCV in 8.8%. No significant statistical association between the prevalence of anti-HBc or anti-HCV and the age of prostitutes (p = 0.9111 and p = 0.8254 respectively) or the length of time as prostitutes (p = 0.3583 and p = 0.5770) was found. FTA-ABS positive prostitutes had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HCV than FTA-ABS negative prostitutes (p < 0.001). No statistical association was found between anti-HBc antibodies and positive FTA-ABS prostitutes (p = 0.336).Corresponding author.     

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among drug addicts in Bangladesh

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among 266 drug users attending a drug-addiction treatment centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 1996 to April 1997. Of the 266 addicts, 129 were injectable drug users (IDUs), and 137 were non-injectable drug users (non-IDUs). The seroprevalences of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV antibodies among the IDUs were 8 (6.2%), 41 (31.8%), 15 (11.6%), and 32 (24.8%), and among the non-IDUs were 6 (4.4%), 33 (24.1%), 9 (6.6%), and 8 (5.8%) respectively. None of the drug users were positive for anti-HIV antibody. Although the prevalence of HBV infection did not significantly differ between the IDUs and the non-IDUs, the prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher among the IDUs. Among the IDUs, the prevalence of both HBV and HCV infections was associated with sharing of needles and longer duration of injectable drugs used. The seroprevalence of HBV infection in both IDUs and non-IDUs was significantly higher among those who had a history of extramarital and premarital sex. The prevalence of HCV infection was not associated with sexual promiscuity. There was no association between the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections and age. Active preventive programmes focusing on educational campaigns among the youths against substance abuse should be undertaken.     

Comparison between self-reported hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV antibody status and oral fluid assay results in Irish prisoners

Self-reported hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV infection status was compared with the results of oral fluid assays of antibodies to these viruses in prisoners from nine of the 15 prisons in the Republic of Ireland. A total of 1205 out of 1366 prisoners completed a confidential questionnaire and 1193 provided analysable oral fluid specimens for testing for antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), HCV (anti-HCV), and HIV (anti-HIV). The self-reported prevalence of hepatitis infection (hepatitis B: 5%; hepatitis C: 19%) was lower than that derived from oral fluid assays (anti-HBc: 9%; anti-HCV: 37%). The self-reported prevalence of HIV infection was similar to that found by oral fluid assay (2%). Many discrepancies were found between self-reported results and the results of oral fluid assays. Of those who reported being positive for HBV, HCV, or HIV, 48%, 5%, and 58%, respectively, tested negative on the oral fluid assay. Of those who reported a previous negative test result for HBV, HCV, or HIV, 10%, 37%, and 2%, respectively, had positive oral fluid assays. Self-reports of hepatitis and HIV infection status are unreliable and should not be used as a basis for planning preventive and treatment services for prisoners. All prisoners should have the opportunity to be tested for HBV, HCV, and HIV infection.     

Differences in Sexual Identity,Risk Practices,and Sex Partners between Bisexual Men and Other Men among a Low-Income Drug-Using Sample

Hepatitis B vaccination and targeted testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) are recommended for jails with medical services available. This study estimates hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV infection prevalence among jail inmates, since most previous studies have been conducted among prison inmates. Prison and jail populations differ: jails hold a wide spectrum of persons for an average of 10–20 days, including persons awaiting arraignment, trial, conviction, or sentencing, while prisons typically hold convicted criminals for at least 1 year. A stratified random sample of sera obtained during routine syphilis testing of inmates entering jails in Chicago (March–April 2000), Detroit (March–August 1999), and San Francisco (June 1999–December 2000) was tested for serologic markers of HBV and HCV infection. All sera had been previously tested for antibody to HIV (anti-HIV). A total of 1,292 serum samples (12% of new inmates) was tested. Antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) prevalence was 13%. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) prevalence was 19%, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was 0.9%; 12% had serologic evidence of hepatitis B vaccination. Hispanics had high rates of chronic HBV infection (3.6% HBsAg positive) along with Asians (4.7% HBsAg positive). Among HIV-infected persons, 38% were anti-HCV positive and 8.2% were HBsAg positive. Anti-HBc positivity was associated with anti-HCV positivity (aOR = 4.58), anti-HIV positivity (aOR = 2.94), syphilis infection (aOR = 2.10), and previous incarceration (aOR = 1.78). Anti-HCV-positivity was associated with anti-HBc positivity (aOR = 4.44), anti-HIV-positivity (aOR = 2.51), and previous incarceration (aOR = 2.90). Jail entrants had high levels of HCV and HBV infection and HIV co-infection; HBV prevalence was comparable to previous prison studies, and HCV prevalence was lower than prison studies. Hispanics had an unexpectedly high rate of chronic hepatitis B infection and had the lowest rate of hepatitis B vaccination. The finding that hepatitis B vaccination coverage among jail entrants is lower than the general population, despite this population’s increased risk for infection, highlights the need to support vaccination in jail settings.     

The 2004 Australian prison entrants' blood-borne virus and risk behaviour survey

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of blood-borne viruses and associated risk factors among prison entrants at seven Australian prisons across four States. DESIGN: Consecutive cross-sectional design. Voluntary confidential testing of all prison entrants for serological markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B (HBV) over 14 consecutive days in May 2004. Demographic data and data related to risks for blood-borne virus transmission, such as sexual activity, body piercing, tattooing, and injecting drug use, were collected. RESULTS: National prevalence for HIV was 1%, hepatitis B core antibody 20%, and hepatitis C antibody 34%. Fifty-nine per cent of participants had a history of injecting drug use. Among injecting drug users, the prevalence of HIV was 1%, hepatitis C antibody 56%, and hepatitis B core antibody 27%. Forty-one per cent of those screened reported a previous incarceration. In the multivariate model, Queensland and Western Australian (WA) prison entrants were significantly less likely to test positive to HCV than those in New South Wales (NSW). Amphetamine was the most commonly injected drug in Queensland, Tasmania and WA. In NSW, heroin was the most common drug injected. In the multivariate analysis a history of injecting drug use, being aged 30 years or more, and a prior incarceration were positively associated with hepatitis C infection. For hepatitis B core antibody, age over 30 years and a history of injecting drug use were associated with an increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the view that prisoner populations are vulnerable to blood-borne virus infection, particularly hepatitis B and C. Prisoner populations should be included in routine surveillance programs so as to provide a more representative picture of blood-borne virus epidemiology in Australia.     

广东省1995～2001年HIV抗体阳性献血员合并HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况调查

目的 了解广东省1995～2001年献血员HIV流行的特征及与其他传染病合并感染情况，为制定HIV经血源传播防治策略提供依据。方法 收集1995～2001年广东省HIV抗体阳性献血员资料进行分析，并进行HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果 1995～2001年，广东省累计HIV抗体阳性献血员167例，占全省报告HIV感染总数的5．44％(167／3072)，且献血员中HIV抗体阳性人数逐年增长。167例病例中以男性为多(88．02％)；年龄主要集中在20～29岁组(55．09％)；病例送检地区以广州、深圳和东莞为主；其原籍主要是广东省和河南省。128例肌，抗体阳性献血员中抗-HCV、梅毒抗体及HBsAg阳性率分别为79．69％、7．81％及3．13％，HIV／HCV／梅毒、HIV／HBV／HCV、HIV／HBV／梅毒三重感染率分别为7．81％、3．13％及0，未发现四重感染。结论 广东省肌，抗体阳性献血员合并HCV和梅毒感染率高。应加强献血员的筛查及流动人口的管理，以控制HIV,HBV和HCV经献血员向一般人群传播。