双生子艾森克人格与血液生化指标的相关性研究

[目的]了解双生子艾森克人格特点及遗传因素对艾森克人格的影响，探讨血液生化指标与艾森克人格的相关性。[方法]2001年12月对青岛市89对24岁以上的双生子(同卵55对，异卵34对)进行艾森克人格测试，检测37项血液生化指标，并进行相关分析。[结果]同卵双胞胎之间在N(情绪稳定性)因子的相关系数高于异卵双胞胎，N因子的遗传度为o．45。人格因素中只有N因子与几项生化指标有相关关系(r＜o．30)。[结论]艾森克人格因素中的N因子受遗传作用的倾向较大，血液生化指标水平并不决定人的个性心理特征。     

双生子艾森克人格与血液生化指标的相关性研究

[目的 ]了解双生子艾森克人格特点及遗传因素对艾森克人格的影响 ,探讨血液生化指标与艾森克人格的相关性。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 1年 12月对青岛市 89对 2 4岁以上的双生子 (同卵 5 5对 ,异卵 3 4对 )进行艾森克人格测试 ,检测 3 7项血液生化指标 ,并进行相关分析。 [结果 ]同卵双胞胎之间在N(情绪稳定性 )因子的相关系数高于异卵双胞胎 ,N因子的遗传度为 0 45。人格因素中只有N因子与几项生化指标有相关关系 (r <0 3 0 )。 [结论 ]艾森克人格因素中的N因子受遗传作用的倾向较大 ,血液生化指标水平并不决定人的个性心理特征。     

双生子A型人格与高血压及血生化指标研究

目的 了解双生子A型人格与高血压及血液生化指标的关系。方法 利用遗传流行病学方法对青岛市89对24岁以上双生子(同卵55对，异卵34对)进行调查。并进行A型人格测试，以比较同卵与异卵双生于A型人格得分的相关程度、A型人格及血压的一致性。推测遗传与环境因素对A型人格的影响，A型人格与高血压的关系，并探讨血液生化指标与A型人格的关系。结果 经KAPPA一致性检验，同卵(MZ)双生子之间A型人格存在着显的一致性(P＜0．001)，而异卵(DZ)双生子之间的一致性无显性差异(P＝0．802)。同时，MZ双生子之间A型人格和血压也存在显的一致性(P＜0．001)，而DZ双生子之间A型人格和血压无明显一致性(P＝0．102)。有A型人格的双生子血压的收缩压明显高于非A型人格的双生子(P＜0．05)。许多生化指标与A型人格因素相关，但是所计算出的相关系数大都小于0．30，属于弱相关。结论 MZ双生子A型人格及高血压之间存在着显的一致性，而这种一致性在DZ双生子表现不明显。A型人格是高血压的危险因素之一。A型人格与所研究血液基本生化指标之间相关较弱。     

3～6岁双生子体型遗传分析

目的 分析3～6岁幼儿体型各因子的遗传度,探讨遗传与环境因素对其体型发育的影响.方法 采用Heath-Carter体型法对72对3～6岁同性别双生子[同卵双生子(MZ)42对,异卵双生子(DZ)30对]的体型进行分析,用Holzinger公式估算体型各因子遗传度.结果 二维空间的体型离散距离(SDD)和三维空间体型位置距离(SAD)显示,MZ的体型较DZ更为接近;体型各因子对间方差在2类双生子间均无明显差异,中因子和外因子的对内方差DZ均明显大于MZ、组内相关系数MZ均明显大于DZ;内、中、外3个因子的遗传度分别为0.38、0.67、0.73.结论 遗传与环境因素对3～6岁幼儿体型发育均有一定影响,内因子主要受环境影响,中、外因子受遗传因素影响较大.     

双生子儿童贫血状况分析

目的通过分析双生子儿童贫血状况和贫血同病率,探讨其遗传和环境效应.方法选取5～19岁双生子228对,其中MZ(单卵双生子)142对,DZ(二卵双生子)86对,在DNA卵性鉴定基础上,以成对法计算同病一致率、调整BMI前后组内相关系数及遗传度.结果双生子儿童贫血检出率与一般人群无明显差异,贫血同病一致率分别为MZ 0.28,DZ 0.15,Hb(血红蛋白)遗传度为0.23.调整BMI前后MZ与DZ组内相关系数和遗传度无显著变化.结论儿童贫血状态受遗传及环境因素共同影响,环境效应更明显.     

遗传与环境因素对双生姊妹性激素影响

目的探讨女性青春期发育前后血清雌二醇（E2）和睾酮（T）的变化趋势．评价遗传与环境因素相对效应。方法以学校登记为基础募集6～18岁女性双生子180对，其中同卵双生子（MZ）132对，异卵双生子（DZ）48对，按Tanner标准进行青春发育分期，放免法测定空腹血清雌二醇（E2）和睾酮（T）浓度。结果血清E2和T浓度随青春期进程而增高，Tanner Ⅳ期达高峰．Tanner Ⅴ期略有下降；遗传效应分析显示。双生子血清E2和T偶内平均差、偶内方差为MZ〈DZ（P〈0．05）．组内相关系数为MZ〉DZ；表型方差中归因于加性遗传因素的部分分别为40％（E2）和47％（T）；分期估计遗传度显示E2和T均为已来潮组遗传度高于乳房未发育组和未来潮组。结论青春期女性血清E2和T同时受遗传和环境因素的影响。月经来潮后遗传因素的作用显著。     

中国双生子人群2型糖尿病分布特征

目的描述中国双生子登记系统(CNTR)双生子的2型糖尿病分布特征, 为揭示遗传和环境因素对2型糖尿病的影响提供线索和依据。方法 CNTR 2010-2018年项目登记的所有双生子中, 纳入≥30岁且有完整登记信息的18 855对双生子作为研究对象。采用随机效应模型描述2型糖尿病的人群、地区分布特征以及对内一致性的分布。结果研究对象年龄(42.8±10.2)岁, 同卵双生子(MZ)10 339对, 异卵双生子(DZ)8 516对。全人群中2型糖尿病报告患病率为2.2%, MZ和DZ报告患病率差异无统计学意义。双生子对内分析发现2型糖尿病MZ同病率为38.2%, DZ为16.0%, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.001), 在不同性别、年龄和地区中MZ同病率均大于DZ(P<0.05)。进一步分层分析, 在北方, 仅在<60岁人群中发现MZ同病率大于DZ(P<0.05);而南方, ≥60岁男性MZ同病率也大于DZ(P<0.05)。结论本研究的双生子人群2型糖尿病报告患病率低于一般人群, 在不同性别、年龄和地区中均提示遗传因素在2型糖尿病中起作用, 但其作用大小可能不...     

遗传因素对儿童、少年健康的影响——郑州市118对双生子调查分析

<正> 要认识遗传因素和环境因素对人类生长发育各种性状与疾病的影响,较好的方法是双生子研究,即双生子法(twinmethod)。双生子有同卵双生子(简称:MZ)和异卵双生子(简称:DZ)两种,同卵双生子在遗传上基因完全相同,而异卵双生子在遗传上50％的基因相同(遗传关系同于一般兄弟姊妹)。所以,可根据同、异卵双生子一     

恒牙列拥挤的双生子研究

目的 通过双生子研究遗传和环境因素对恒牙列拥挤形成所起的作用，以进一步研究恒牙列拥挤的影响因素。方法 以48对双生子作为研究对象，应用卵型鉴定技术分为单卵双生子组（MZ）和二卵双生子组（DZ），采取牙[牙合]石膏模型并进行测量，获取牙齿近远中径大小、牙弓弧长及牙列拥挤度等数据；采用Holzinger经典双生子法计算遗传度。结果 同卵与二卵双生于牙齿近远中径的平均值差别无统计学意义。说明牙齿近远中径在同卵．二卵双生子样本中平均水平接近。上下颌牙量遗传度较高。上颌为69．97％，下颌为75．73％；上颌牙弓弧长的遗传度（71．26％）明显高于下颌（31．33％）；单卵双生子和二卵双生子上下颌牙齿的拥挤度的对内相关系数较为接近，二卵双生子略低。遗传度很低，上颌为4．73％，下颌为10．3％。结论 上下颌牙量大小和上颌牙弓弧长受较强遗传控制。下颌牙弓弧长受弱遗传控制，恒牙列拥挤度遗传度很低，受环境因素影响较大。     

青岛市6～18岁女性双生子血清硫酸脱氢表雄酮水平的研究

目的探讨青春期女性血清硫酸脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS)的变化趋势,估计遗传与环境因素的相对效应。方法以学校登记为基础募集青岛市6~18岁女性双生子180对,其中同卵双生子(MZ)132对,异卵双生子(DZ)48对,按Tanner标准进行青春发育分期,放免法测定空腹血清DHEAS浓度。结果青春期女生血清DHEAS浓度随年龄增长和青春期进程而增高,Tanner IV期达高峰,Tanner V期略有下降;遗传效应分析显示血清DHEAS浓度偶内平均差、偶内方差为MZDZ;遗传度为0.65,分期估计遗传度分别为乳房未发育组0.92,乳房发育未来潮组0.73,已潮组0.67。结论青春期女性血清DHEAS受遗传因素的控制较强,尤其乳房发育前肾上腺功能初现期。提示在与肾上腺功能初现有关的内分泌失调性疾病的发病中遗传因素可能起重要的作用。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.