慢性阻塞性肺疾病危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）发病的相关危险因素，为开展COPD的一级预防提供依据。方法采用按年龄±3岁进行1：1配比的病例一对照研究方法，对435例来源于2003年1月-2006年4月某市级医院的COPD患者及其对照者应用条件Logistic回归进行危险因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．802，95％CI：1．385--2．346）、药物过敏史（OR=4．346，95％CI：2．838～6．657）、吸烟（OR=2．857，95％CI：2．145～3．807）、吸烟年限〉10a（OR=2．719。95％CI：2．041～3．621）、日吸烟量〉10支（OR=2．250，95％CI：1．601～3．161）、开始吸烟年龄≤20岁（0R=1．909，95％CI：1．140。3．198）、吸烟指数大于300年支（OR=2．241，95％CI：1．645-3．054）和高血糖（OR=2．469，95％CI：1．772～3．441）为COPD的危险因素。多因素分析结果显示，性别（OR=1．595，95％CI：1．124～2．264）、药物过敏史（OR=4．029，95％（CI：2．411～6．735）、吸烟（OR：2．635，95％CI：1．844～3．764）和高血糖（OR=2．390，95％CI：1．632-3．502）为COPD的危险因素。结论男性、药物过敏史、吸烟和高血糖为COPD的主要危险因素。     

温州市麻疹疫情流行病学调查分析

[目的]调查疫情上升原因。[方法]分析流行病学特征，对危险因素进行病例-对照分析。[结果]2004年～2005年3月8日．温州市市辖区≤14岁人群发病率最高（513／10万）。病例中≤7岁流动儿童占60％，而人群中仅占35％。多元线性回归分析显示，流动人口估计发病率为8．2／万（95％CI：6．0～10），常住人12估计发病率为1．2／万（95％CI：0．0～2．5）。医院暴露OR=9．5（95％CI：5．1～18）；有接触史OR=7．9（95％CI：3．2～20）；疫苗接种率病例组12％，对照组45％，疫苗效力85％（95％CI=69％~93％）。[结论]麻疹接种率低、院内感染的存在、大量的流动人口是造成本次疫情传播主要因素。建议应急接种。控制院内感染。     

我国不同地区吸毒人群梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解我国不同地区吸毒者梅毒感染状况，为艾滋病、性病综合防治提供依据。方法采取简单抽样或滚雪球法，在广西南宁、新疆喀什和广东东莞抽取995名吸毒者进行问卷调查并抽血，收集人口学及性行为特征，采用快速血浆反应素试验法检测梅毒抗体。结果广西南宁、新疆喀什和广东东莞吸毒者的梅毒感染率分别为17．5％、10．4％和9．6％。Logistic回归分析结果显示广西南宁吸毒者梅毒感染的主要危险因素为女性（OR8．50；95％CI：2．51～28．78；P=0．001）；新疆喀什吸毒者梅毒感染的主要危险因素为女性（OR7．44；95％CI：1．40～39．57；P〈0．05）、有配偶（OR2．51；95％CI：1．05～6．00；P〈0．05）、低教育程度（OR3．06；95％CI：1．12～8．39；P〈0．05）；广东东莞吸毒者梅毒感染的主要危险因素为女性（OR4．52；95％CI：1．81～11．28；P=0．001）、有配偶（OR3．96；95％CJ：1．71～9．17；P=0．001）、低收入（OR3．12；95％CI：1．41～6．89；P〈0．01）、注射吸毒（OR2．81；95％CI：1．09～7．24；P〈0．05）。结论目前我国艾滋病传播以性传播为主，吸毒人群高危性行为是艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群传播的重要途径。因此，对高危人群实施预防干预措施应具有针对性。     

宁夏农村高血压病人抑郁与影响因素分析

目的了解农村高血压病人抑郁发生率与影响因素。方法采用Zung氏抑郁自评量表（SDS），由专门培训的调查员进行集中询问调查收集资料。结果206名高血压病人抑郁发生率为69.4％，男性抑郁发生率为54.4％，女性为81．0％，两者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0、01）。抑郁程度轻度50．3％、中度42、7％、重度7.0％。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：抑郁与年龄（OR=1．050，95％CI=1．013～1.088）、性别（OR=3.575．95％CI=1.918-6.663）、婚姻状况（OR=1．679，95％CI=1．165～2.420）、文化程度（OR=0.639，95％CI=0.454～0.899）及人均月收入（OR=0.997，95％CI=0.995～0.999）有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：抑郁与性别（OR：2.742。95％CI=1．402～5．365）、婚姻状况（OR=1.800，95％CI=1.075～3.014）及月收入（OR=0．998，95％CI=0.996—1．000）有关。结论农村高血压病人抑郁发生率较高，女性、文化程度低、收入低及丧偶的高血压病人是抑郁的高发人群。     

同伴推动抽样法调查男男性接触人群艾滋病病毒/性传播疾病感染状况及相关行为

目的了解北京市男男性接触（MSM）人群HIV和其他性传播疾病的感染状况及危险性行为。方法使用同伴推动抽样法（RDS）在北京市对MSM进行问卷调查及HIV、HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测，用RDSAT进行统计学分析。结果共征募MSM 427人，30和35岁以下分别占65．4％和81．0％，文化程度在高中或以下者占69．2％（95％CI：63．9～75．5），外地户籍人口占73．3％（95％CI：66．7～79．8）；城市和农村户籍各占约半数比例；HIV抗体阳性率为4．6％（95％CI：2．2～7．6）。56．3％（95％CI：50．9～62．5）的调查对象为双性性取向，仅14．8％（95％CI：10．8～19．6）做过HIV检测；22．8％（95％CI：18．7～27．8）既往感染过性病；分别有55．3％（95％CI：49．3～61．9）和55．1％（95％CI：48．7～61．3）调查对象调查前半年发生无保护插入性和被插入性肛交。结论北京市MSM人群HIV感染率呈上升趋势，采取切实可行的防治措施迫在眉睫。     

广西城乡居民膳食营养素摄入与代谢综合征的关系

目的探讨广西城乡居民膳食营养素摄入水平与代谢综合征的关系，为有针对性提出膳食营养防治策略提供科学依据。方法按照多阶段随机抽样法．分别抽取广西4个城市和4个农村县共3026名18岁及以上的城乡居民进行调查：采用24h回顾法进行膳食调查；对调查对象进行体检和血糖、血脂检测。结果被调查居民中代谢综合征（MS）患者107人，患病率为3．54％，其中城市居民MS患病率为5．21％，农村为1．90％，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。城市居民MS患者能量、铁营养素摄入与正常人群相比无明显差异．经多因素Logisic回归分析发现，膳食蛋白质（OR=1．256，95％CI：1．042～1．514）、铁（OR=1．432，95％CI：1．127—1．820）摄入过多是城市居民MS重要的膳食危险因素，而维生素B2是保护因素（OR=0．712．95％CI：0．590～0．860）；而农村居民MS患者能量、蛋白质、钠、钾、硒和烟酸、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量均显著高于正常人群，蛋白质（OR=1．854，95％CI：1．435—2．396）摄入过多是农村居民MS危险因素，而膳食钙（OR=0．612，95％CI：0．398-0．939）是保护因素。结论膳食营养因素与广西城乡居民发生MS关系密切，膳食蛋白质摄入过多是广西城乡居民MS的危险因素，其他膳食营养因素存在城乡差异；对城乡居民采取针对性膳食营养干预措施将取得更好的防治效果。     

湖北省孕产妇保健影响因素

目的了解湖北省孕产妇保健状况，探索孕产妇保健的影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层系统抽样方法，抽取湖北省11个县（市）1998年1月1日～2003年10月20日有活产的17～45岁已婚育龄妇女共计687人，对其孕产期保健状况分别进行问卷调查，单因素分析采用70检验法、非参数检验法，多因素分析采用逐步前进法进行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果城市及农村孕产妇产前检查率分别为99．4％，84．7％；住院分娩率95．6％，54．8％；剖宫产率46．1％，10．7％；产后访视率67．3％，53．3％，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。城市孕产妇保健主要影响因素是经济收入和年龄，农村是生育活产儿数、经济收入、文化程度、是否为农民、是否经常主动获取保健知识。结论湖北省城乡孕产妇保健状况和影响因素差异较大，首次产前检查时间滞后，产后访视率明显低于产前检查率，与全国甲类城市和农村保健服务标准存在一定差距。     

山西省某既往有偿献血地区18～59岁村民丙型肝炎病毒感染的横断面研究

目的估计山西省某农村既往有偿献血地区18～59岁村民丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染的流行率并分析HCV感染的可能危险因素。方法选择山西省某县12个村庄随机抽取660名18～59岁村民开展以社区为基础的横断面研究。采用标准化问卷收集研究对象的人口学、医疗史、危险行为等信息，采集7ml静脉血用于检测HCV感染。结果该既往有偿献血地区18～59岁村民总的HCV感染率为8．2％，献血人群HCV感染率为27．7％。多因素logistic回归分析提示，曾经献过血（调整OR=14．28，95％CI：6．83～29．87）和输过血（调整OR=8．66，95％CI：2．31～32．47）是该地村民感染HCV的主要危险因素。对献血亚人群分析发现，曾经献过血浆（调整OR=8．56，95％CI：2．87～25．54）是献血者感染HCV的最主要危险因素；1994年及以后停止献血的村民感染HCV的危险性较1994年之前停止献血的低（调整OR=0．32，95％CI：0．11～0．93）；女性献血者感染HCV的危险性较男性为低（调整OR=0．28，95％CI：0．10～0．83）。结论该献血地区HCV流行水平较高，既往有偿献血（浆）是该地区HCV流行的最主要原因。应采取有效措施预防该地区居民HCV的二代传播及为阳性患者提供治疗刻不容缓。     

重庆市743名男男性行为者HIV、梅毒、HCV、HSV—II感染率及其影响因素研究

目的了解重庆市男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men，MSM）人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）、梅毒、丙肝病毒、生殖器疱疹病毒-II型（herpes simplex virus—II，HSV-II）感染率及其影响因素，为调整干预策略和开展针对性的干预工作提供参考。方法通过滚雪球的方法招募调查对象，由经统一培训的调查员进行面对面的问卷调查，采集血样检测HIv、梅毒、HSV-II和丙肝抗体。结果在调查的743名MSM中72．1％的人过去1年接受过干预服务，艾滋病防治知识知晓率为91．5％，最近6个月与男性发生肛交时每次都使用安全套的占36．7％。HIV、梅毒、丙肝病毒和HSV-II感染率分别为16．6％、8．5％、3．6％和3．4％。多因素Logistic回归分析结果提示，年龄（≥30岁年龄组：AOR=2．6，95％CI：1．2～5．4）、户籍所在地（中心城区外：AOR=2．4，95％CI：1．4～4．1；外省：AOR=1．7，95％CI：1．0-2．8）、过去1年有性病感染史（AOR=1．5，95％CI：1．0～2．4）和梅毒感染（AOR=6．0，95％CI=3．4～10．5）是HIV感染的独立影响因素。年龄（≥30岁年龄组：AOR=4．9，95％CI：1．4～16．9）、首次性行为年龄（〈18岁年龄组：AOR=5．3，95％ CI：1．7～16．2）、最近一次与男性发生肛交时使用安全套（AOR=2．6，95％CI：1．3～5．3）、HIV感染（AOR=6．6，95％CI：3．6～12．3）是梅毒感染的独立影响因素。结论重庆市MSM人群HIV感染率持续上升，安全套使用率仍很低，性病感染是促进艾滋病传播的重要因素，开展有针对性的干预工作是当前MSM人群艾滋病防治的艰巨而迫切的任务。     

孕妇体质指数与妊娠期糖尿病关系

目的探讨孕期体质指数增长速度与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）发病率的关系。方法通过流行病学调查和产检测量获得一般资料；通过实验室检查确诊妊娠期糖尿病。采用非条件Logistic回归分析孕期体质指数增加与妊娠期糖尿病的关系。结果多因素回归分析显示，孕期体质指数（BMI）增加大（OR=89．1274，95％CI=6．2574～95．1757）、孕前体质指数大（OR=8．1826，95％CI=7．1804～41．3126）、有糖尿病家族史（OR=4．1254，95％CI=4．0247～27．2024）、年龄大（OR=2．4322，95％CI=2．2815～15．2251）均增加孕妇发生妊娠期糖尿病的风险；未发现身高与妊娠期糖尿病发病有关。排除孕前体重干扰后，孕期体重增长速度越快，发生妊娠期糖尿病的风险越大。结论孕期体质指数增长过快是妊娠期糖尿病的独立危险因素。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.