四川省凉山州彝族农村未婚青少年HIV影响因素多重对应分析

目的分析凉山州地区14～25岁彝族农村未婚青少年HIV感染现状及其影响因素。方法收集2011-2016年布拖县、昭觉县、甘洛县、金阳县、越西县5个彝族聚集县艾滋病哨点监测资料,采用Epidata 3.1软件和SPSS 21.0软件进行数据的录入和整理,统计分析采用非条件Logistic回归和多重对应分析方法。结果 2011-2016年共检测14～25岁彝族农村未婚青少年9 262人,阳性检出率2.98%(276/9262)。多因素Logistic回归显示男性(OR=1.60,95%CI=1.21～2.11)、文盲(OR=3.38,95%CI=2.27～5.03)、小学(OR=1.94,95%CI=1.36～2.77)、外出务工(OR=1.61,95%CI=1.20～2.15)、注射吸毒(OR=1.60,95%CI=1.21～2.11)的彝族农村未婚青少年感染HIV的风险相对较高。多重对应分析显示外出务工、性行为、注射吸毒、23～25岁与HIV阳性之间有较强的关联。结论凉山州14～25岁彝族农村未婚青少年HIV感染形势严峻,感染因素多样化。针对彝族农村未婚青少年HIV的防控需着眼于全局,多方面介入,将艾滋病防治与治愚、治毒、治穷结合起来。     

四川省凉山彝族自治州2011－2013年农村未婚青年HIV感染相关行为特征及因素分析

目的 分析凉山彝族自治州（凉山州）农村未婚青年HIV感染相关行为特征,探讨艾滋病在该人群中传播的相关因素。方法 按照凉山州艾滋病哨点监测方案进行资料收集,采用EpiData 3.1软件和SPSS 19.0软件进行数据录入和整理,采用 χ²检验和二分类logistic回归分析。结果 2011－2013年监测5 871人,农村未婚青年HIV阳性检出率为3.45%（201/5 833）。27.56%（1 607/5 833）的未婚青年有过外出打工史,性行为的发生率为31.72%（1 850/5 833）,其中41.46%（767/1 850）发生过偶遇性行为,安全套的坚持使用率仅为3.46%（64/1 850）,5.04%（294/5 833）的未婚青年承认吸毒,其中34.35%（101/294）选择注射吸毒,共用针具比例高达84.16%（85/101）。感染者中外出打工、性行为、偶遇性行为、吸毒及注射毒品的比例均高于非感染者,差异有统计学意义（χ²值分别为88.72、104.43、4.20、154.39、55.94,均P< 0.05）。多因素logistic回归结果显示,男性、彝族、文盲、外出打工、从未使用和有时使用安全套及共用针具是农村未婚青年HIV感染的危险因素。结论 凉山州农村未婚青年HIV感染形势严峻,性行为发生率高而安全套使用率低,吸毒者中普遍存在注射毒品和共用针具现象,文化程度低、流动性强的彝族男性感染风险更高。     

HIV抗体初筛阳性复核结果分析

艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测是目前诊断是否感染艾滋病的主要依据.南宁市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病检测实验搴担负HIV检测初筛中心实验室的职责,承担本市监测哨点和本中心各个门诊HIV抗体初筛实验、辖区(县)各医疗机构HIV抗体筛查实验室阳性标本的复核工作.现将本实验室对初筛阳性送检的114份标本复核结果报告如下.     

临沧口岸入境人员艾滋病监测情况分析

目的通过对3126名临沧口岸入境人员艾滋病抗体结果分析,深入了解临沧口岸入境人员艾滋病病毒(人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV)感染情况,为口岸艾滋病监测、防控工作提供有力科学依据。方法采用人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV1/2)抗体诊断试剂盒进行初筛;或者用雅培层析快速法试剂条进行初筛[1];以蛋白印迹法进行确认。结果中国籍人员检出率为0.64%,外国籍人员检出率为2.16%,感染者以20～39岁青壮年为主;感染途径以不洁性行为为主。结论临沧口岸HIV传入的危险性较大,出入境检验检疫机构应积极进行HIV的监测和防治工作。     

凉山州某县彝族村民偶遇性行为现状及其地理网络分析

目的了解凉山州某县彝族村民偶遇性行为现状及地理网络特征。方法采取问卷与定性调查相结合的方式对年龄在15～35岁,过去1年有性行为的彝族村民以及相关知情人士进行调查。数据分析包括χ2检验、t检验和Logistic回归分析。利用UCINET软件分析性网络并绘制图。结果调查对象以男性为主,累积和最近1年多性伴者分别占66.7%和22.2%。82.4%的调查对象发生过偶遇性行为。Logistic回归分析发现:男性、初次性行为年龄小更容易发生偶遇性行为。47.7%的调查对象听说过安全套,无人每次性行为都使用安全套。75%的调查对象在6个场景发生过偶遇性行为,其中赶场和参加婚礼最容易发生偶遇性行为。结论凉山州某县彝族村民偶遇性行为普遍存在,且无安全措施,偶遇性行为发生的地理网络明确,必须重视偶遇性行为在艾滋病传播中的作用并开展相应的行为干预。     

3种检测模式筛查血液抗-HIV的探讨

目的:通过对酶联免疫吸咐试验(ELISA)双抗原夹心法3种模式检测人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)的比较,探讨各检测模式的特点,选择适合无偿献血者血液筛查抗-HIV的检测模式.方法:采用双抗原夹心ELISA-步法单试剂、二步法单试剂、(一步法 二步法)双试剂3种检测模式,平衡检测献血者标本52404份,初筛阳性标本送广东省艾滋病检测确证中心实验室进行确证.结果:检测52404份标本,一步法单试剂初筛阳性95例,确证阳性4例,假阳性率0.17%;二步法单试剂初筛阳性27例,确证阳性4例,假阳性率0.04%,双试剂联合检测初筛阳性115例,假阳性率0.21%;二步法单试剂的假阳性率明显低于一步法单试剂和双试剂(P<0.01),3种检测模式的特异性比较有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:ELISA双抗原夹心二步法单试剂的综合检测效果优于一步法单试剂和(一步法 二步法)双试剂;一步法不可避免地存在强阳性标本漏检的隐患,不再适合于检测HIV抗体的初筛试验,二步法更适合于HIV抗体的初筛试验和血液筛查.     

自贡市HIV/AIDS流行现状及趋势分析

目的：了解自贡市艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染流行状况及影响因素，为制定控制措施提供依据。方法：对全市1994-2004年HIV哨点监测资料、全市各地区、县监测报表、自贡市艾滋病初筛监测中心的常规监测和血清流行病学调查资料进行分析。结果：1997年发现首例HIV抗体阳性者，至2003年底累计报告确诊HIV感染者111例，死亡3例，经血传播为主要传播途径，以静脉吸毒感染为主；经性途径感染呈逐年上升趋势。结论：自贡市HIV感染已进入快速增长阶段，应立即采取有效的防治措施。     

四川省凉山州彝族社区人群艾滋病哨点监测HIV感染情况及其影响因素分析

目的分析凉山州2011-2016年彝族社区人群艾滋病哨点监测HIV感染情况及其影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法,抽取布拖县的社区彝族人群为艾滋病监测哨点的监测对象。所有研究对象均接受采用问卷调查和HIV抗体的血清学检测。采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析感染HIV的危险因素。结果 2011-2016年共监测彝族社区人群共4 149人,检出率为4.75%。男性、有吸毒史(OR=5.46,95%CI=3.39~8.78)、注射吸毒(OR=7.71,95%CI=4.05~14.67)、25~45岁(OR=2.89,95%CI=1.58~5.30)、25岁(OR=3.45,95%CI=2.16~5.51)、寡居(OR=2.54,95%CI=1.35~4.80)和文盲(OR=4.54,95%CI=1.41~14.63)的社区彝族监测对象感染HIV的风险较高。结论凉山州彝族社区人群中的艾滋病流行情况严重。吸毒仍然是当地导致艾滋病传播的主要因素之一,教育程度较低、寡居等也是导致凉山州HIV传播和流行的重要社会文化因素。     

婚检者HIV抗体检测结果分析

丽水市妇幼保健院从2008年12月1日开始开展婚前检查志愿免费检测艾滋病毒抗体(HIV抗体),检测HIV抗体20544例,确认5例HIV抗体阳性,现分析如下:1对象与方法检测HIV抗体对象是2008年12月1日-2012年8月31日到丽水市妇保院进行婚前检查的人群,共检测HIV 20544例。检测方法:HIV抗体初筛试验是酶联免     

2020-2022年山东省某基层地区MSM哨点人群安全套使用现况与HIV感染因素分析

目的分析2020-2022年山东省聊城市阳谷县男男性行为者(MSM)哨点人群安全套使用现况及相关因素,为制定有效的艾滋病预防干预措施提供依据。方法在社会组织参与下,2020-2022年在山东省聊城市阳谷县通过MSM人群活动场所、Blued等网络发布招募信息,收集符合在过去1年以内有过插入性口交或肛交同性性行为的MSM,纳入MSM人群哨点监测共计600人。向MSM哨点人群发放调查问卷,分析MSM哨点人群艾滋病知晓情况、性行为状况及安全套使用情况。进行血清学检测统计HIV抗体阳性率。采用多因素logistic回归分析MSM哨点人群发生HIV感染的影响因素。结果该地区MSM哨点人群的艾滋病综合知晓率为91.83%,但坚持使用安全套只有33.50%。HIV抗体阳性18人,阳性率为3.00%。≤50岁(χ^(2)=6.930)、初中及以下(χ^(2)=6.240)、离异或丧偶(χ^(2)=7.480)、在互联网/交友软件找男性性伴(χ^(2)=4.990)、最近半年同性性行为未坚持使用安全套(χ^(2)=5.220)、艾滋病防治知识得分6分以内者(χ^(2)=4.540)的HIV抗体阳性率较高(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,HIV感染影响因素包括年龄(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.13~2.73,P=0.020)、婚姻状况(OR=5.27,95%CI:1.01~30.18,P=0.030)、最近半年同性性行为时坚持使用安全套(OR=0.18,95%CI:0.03~0.84,P=0.020)。结论2020-2022年山东省聊城市阳谷县MSM哨点人群对艾滋病综合知晓率较高,但坚持使用安全套率较低,是造成HIV感染的主要原因。年龄、婚姻状况、最近半年同性性行为时坚持使用安全套是HIV感染的影响因素。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.