2009年云南省柯萨奇病毒B3型分离株A103/KM/09全基因序列分析

目的 分析2009年云南省脑炎患儿粪便标本分离的柯萨奇病毒B3型分离株A103/KM/09全基因序列,了解其遗传特性。方法 设计针对柯萨奇病毒B3型引物,提取病毒RNA、RT-PCR扩增和产物直接测序获得全基因组序列,利用Geneious和Mega 5.05软件进行核苷酸、氨基酸序列比对及其系统进化分析,应用RDP 3和SimPlot 3.5.1重组软件对序列进行重组分析。结果 该分离株全基因组核苷酸序列长度为7389 bP。其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与其原型株Nancy的同源性分别为81.O%和95.7%;与其他柯萨奇病毒B3型毒株的各区段核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为81.0%~88.0%和95.7%~98.0%;进化分析发现CVB3可分为5个分支(I~V),核苷酸之间的差异为16.2%~24.3%;中国分离株属V分支,又可分为A～D亚分支,核苷酸之间的差异为4.3%~11.4%。并发现A103/KM/09株基因序列在非结构区可能存在重组事件。结论柯萨奇病毒B3型分为5个基因型,云南分离株A103/KM/09属于V-D亚型,而中国分离株已经发生一定进化。     

2009年云南省柯萨奇病毒B5分离株A210／KM／09全基因序列分析

目的分析柯萨奇病毒B5(cvB5)云南分离株A210／KIVI／09全基因序列及其遗传特性。方法设计针对CVB5引物,提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR扩增和产物直接测序获得序列,利用Mega 4.1、RDP3和SimPlot 3.5.1软件分析全基因序列。结果CVB5 A210／K1w09全基因组核苷酸序列长度为7 372 bp,编码含2 18,5个氨基酸残基的多聚蛋白;A210／KNU09全基因组核苷酸及所推导的氨基酸与CVB5／CCl0／10同源性最高,其同源性分别为92.5%和97.3%;而与其他CVB5毒株如17Y、19CSF、20CSF、1954／85,US、2000／CSF／KOR、03001N、CoxB5／Henard2010、CVB5／SD／09和Faulkner核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为80.1%一925%和95.0%一97.3%;A210／K_M／09与其他CVB5毒株的各区段核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为75.3%～96.3%和85.3%,100.0%,其中与VP3、3D区段核苷酸的同源性最低。基于CVB5全长VPl基因序列进行种系进化分析,可将CVB5分为A、B、C和D4个基因型,其中C基因型可再分为CI～c4基因亚型,D基因型再分为D1。D4基因亚型。中国CVB5流行株主要聚集在C4基因亚型,国外流行株主要聚集在Dl、C2亚型。结论A2 10／KM／09分离株为C4：基因型。     

浙江省2008-2012年肠道病毒相关病毒性脑炎病原谱及分子流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2008--2012年浙汀省肠道病毒相关病毒性脑炎病原谱及分子流行病学特征。方法从监测点采集疑似病毒性脑炎患者脑脊液和粪便样本利用RD和HeP-2细胞分离病毒,采用肠道病毒标准血清定型,并对分离株VPI基因测序,进行同源性与进化分析。结果从610例患者616份样本中分离到人类肠道病毒(HEY)127株(20.6%),其中柯萨奇病毒(CV)60株,埃可病毒(ECHO：E)67株,病毒血清型分别为CVA9、CVBl、CVB3～5、E3、E4、E6、E9、E14、E25、E30。2008～2012年优势株分别为CVB3、CVB5、E6、E30和E30。各分离株VPl基因序列全长834～918个核苷酸,与相应原型株核苷酸(nt)和氨基酸(aa)的同源性分别为76.7%～85.0%和91.1%。97.9%；浙江分离株型内差异最大为E6,nt和aa差异分别为20.4%和4.8%。基于VPl基因的进化分析结果表明。浙江分离株均位于HEV-B分支上,并显示出一定地域和时问效应；E6血清型内部又分成2小分支。结论2008-2012年浙江省病毒性脑炎的主要病原为HEV-B,涉及12个血清型；不同年份优势流行株不断变化,E30为绝对优势株；浙江E6分离株存在2个亚类流行株。     

人埃可病毒20型KM/EV20/2010分离株的全基因组序列分析

目的 对人埃可病毒20型(ECHO20)KM/EV20/2010分离株全基因组进行序列测定, 并分析其分子变异和进化特点。方法 设计针对KM/EV20/2010引物, 提取病毒RNA, RT-PCR扩增和序列测定获得全基因序列。利用Mega 4.1、RDP3和SimPlot 3.5.1软件分析全基因序列。结果 KM/EV20/2010病毒株基因组全长7 395 bp个核苷酸(nt), 5''端和3''端分别为744 nt和96 nt的非编码区, 5''和3''非编码区间为一个6 549 nt长的开放阅读框, 编码一个含2 183个氨基酸的多聚蛋白, 编码区内未见核苷酸的插入或缺失。与GenBank中现有唯一1株ECHO20 JV-1原型株全基因组序列相比对, 核苷酸同源性为80.1%, 氨基酸同源性为96.7%;构建基于全长VP1基因序列的进化树图并进行基因分型分析, ECHO20可分为6个基因型, 中国分离株分属Ⅲ和Ⅳ基因型, 其中KM/EV20/2010属于基因型Ⅳ, 且6个基因型之间核苷酸的差异为9.4%～21.7%。基于全基因组序列的种系进化分析提示KM/EV20/2010分离株与ECHO20原型株JV-1遗传距离很远, 未与原型株JV-1聚簇分布, 而与ECHO30病毒株遗传距离较近。分析发现KM/EV20/2010序列在非结构区可能存在重组。结论 中国ECHO20可分为6个基因型, KM/EV20/2010分离株属于Ⅳ基因型。     

手足口病相关柯萨奇病毒A组8型全基因组序列特征分析

目的 研究中国2013-2018年手足口病病例分离的柯萨奇病毒A组8型（CV-A8）全基因组序列特征及对全基因组各编码区进行遗传进化分析。方法 对我国不同地区手足口病患者分离的11株CV-A8的全基因组序列,采用Sequencher 5.0、MEGA 7.0等软件对获取的全基因组序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果 序列比对显示11株CV-A8基因组长度在7 393~7 400 bp之间,与原型株比较,在编码区无碱基插入或缺失,在非编码区存在个别碱基的插入或缺失。11株CV-A8毒株VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为78.3%~98.6%和92.6%~99.7%;与CV-A8原型株的核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为78.3%~98.2%和92.6%~99.7%。对CV-A8的VP1区序列进行了系统发育分析,可将CV-A8分为5个基因型：A、B、C、D和E,本研究11株CV-A8分属于C（1株）、D（2株）、E（8株）3个基因型。11株CV-A8毒株全基因组序列核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为81.3%%~98.8%和95.9%~99.5%,P2区进化树图显示,本研究的8株E基因型CV-A8和CV-A4、CV-A14和CV-A16原型株进化距离最近,P3区进化树图显示,本研究8株E基因型CV-A8和CV-A5、CV-A16、CV-A14和CV-A4进化距离最近。结论 本研究中11株CV-A8其衣壳区呈现基因多样性,非衣壳区呈现重组多样性,提示CV-A8正在经历变异动态变化;CV-A8有可能成为手足口病的重要病原体,因此需要进一步加强监测CV-A8。     

福建省2011-2014年手足口病相关病原柯萨奇病毒A组10型的分子流行病学研究

目的 了解2011-2014年福建省手足口病相关病原其他肠道病毒中优势血清型柯萨奇病毒A组10型(Cox A10)的分子流行病学特征。方法 对2011-2014年福建省确诊为其他肠道病毒感染的1525例手足口病病例咽拭子和肛拭子标本进行病毒培养和鉴定分型,扩增、测序并分析其中优势血清型Cox A10的完整VP1区基因片段。结果 共分型鉴定出407例其他肠道病毒病例,包括Cox A10病例103例(占25.3%)。Cox A10病例在2011-2014年福建省手足口病病原谱的年度构成比分别为11.0%、6.0%、18.4%和9.2%。与手足口病总体疫情相比,Cox A10病例在地区、性别、年龄组的分布上没有特异性,致重症率较高。VP1区基因序列分析显示,Cox A10福建分离株与原型株的核苷酸序列同源性较低(76.0%~77.1%),氨基酸序列同源性为91.9%~93.6%。进化分析显示,Cox A10福建分离株与原型株及国外地区分离株的亲缘关系远,与国内地区分离株的亲缘关系近。Cox A10福建分离株分布在进化树上的多个分支。结论 Cox A10为2011-2014年福建省手足口病的主要病原之一。Cox A10福建分离株与国内相应分离株同进化共循环。     

宁夏回族自治区2013年手足口病患者柯萨奇病毒A组10型分离株VP1区基因特征分析

目的 了解宁夏回族自治区(宁夏)手足口病(HFMD)患者中柯萨奇病毒A组10型(Cox A10)分离株的VP1区基因特征。方法 收集2013年real-time PCR 检测非EV71和非Cox A16肠道病毒标本280份,用RD细胞进行肠道病毒分离培养,分离到的毒株采用RT-PCR扩增其VP1区基因并进行核苷酸序列测定,测序结果利用BLAST进行型别鉴定。对鉴定为Cox A10的所有毒株进行VP1区基因同源性分析和进化分析。结果 从280份标本中共分离到肠道病毒36株,其中有6株鉴定为Cox A10,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为97.0%~99.8%和99.0%~99.7%。与A、B、C、D各基因亚型代表株之间的核苷酸同源性分别为76.3%~77.2%、81.6%~83.1%、94.4%~98.9%和80.0%~82.3%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.3%~93.0%、94.0%~95.3%、98.0%~99.7%和90.6%~94.0%。系统进化显示,6株Cox A10宁夏株与C基因型代表株处于同一分支。结论 Cox A10是引起宁夏2013年HFMD的常见病原体,本次分离到的Cox A10均属于C基因型。     

云南省2009年埃可病毒6型分离株KM57-09全基因序列分析

目的 对云南埃可病毒6型(Echo6)分离株KM57-09全基因序列进行分析和研究,了解其遗传特性.方法 设计针对Echo6引物,提取病毒RNA、RT-PCR扩增和产物直接测序获得序列.利用Mega 5.05、RDP 3和SimPlot 3.5.1等生物学软件分析全基因序列.结果 获得KM57-09全基因组核苷酸序列长度为7419 bp,编码含2191个氨基酸残基的多聚蛋白;与其他Echo6参考株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为79.3％ ～ 80.2％和93.3％～ 94.4％,与原型株D' Amor核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为79.3％和93 6％.在基因组各个区段上,Echo6KM57-09分离株的2C和3A区,与HN-2-E25核苷酸同源性最高,分别为86.3％和85.0％,而其5'UTR、VP4、3D和3'UTR区则与CoxB5-Henan-2010核苷酸同源性最高,分别为91.7％、81.2％、89.7％和96.9％.在VP1区上,与中国其他省份分离株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为80.0％～96.0％和95.8％～ 99.0％,而与其他国家分离株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为77.6％ ～ 96.0％和95.2％ ～ 99.0％.进化分析发现Echo6可分为5个分支,中国分离株分属C和E分支,其中KM57 09属于E分支,且5个分支之间核苷酸的差异为15.6％ ～23.3％.3D基因序列种系进化分析以及RDP3和SimPlot 3.5.1软件分析发现KM57-09序列在非结构区可能存在重组.结论 Echo6可分为5个基因型,KM57- 09分离株属于E基因型;中国大陆曾存在不同 Echo6株传播链的流行.     

柯萨奇B5病毒引起山东省一起无菌性脑膜炎暴发的鉴定及其亲缘进化分析

目的 鉴定引起2005年山东省兖州市一起无菌性脑膜炎暴发的病原体,并对分离的柯萨奇B5病毒(CVB5)进行基因特征分析.方法 从兖州市无菌性脑膜炎暴发期间部分住院患者中采集78份粪便标本和58份脑脊液标本进行病毒分离和血清型鉴定;同时对其阳性分离物采用反转录-聚合酶链反应进行分子定型,对其中的CVB5进行全长VP1区核苷酸序列测定和亲缘进化分析.结果 78份粪便标本和58份脑脊液标本的病毒分离率分别为38.5%(30/78)和48.3%(28/58).58株阳性分离物的血清型鉴定和分子定型结果显示,其中54株为CVB5,2株为ECHO24,CVB3和CVA9各1株.病原学结果显示引起此次无菌性脑膜炎暴发的病原体主要为CVB5.同源性分析显示,CVB5分离株与2002年浙江分离株(Zhejiang/12/02株)在核苷酸水平上同源性最近,为97.5%～97.8%;与CVB5原型株(Faulkner株)相比核苷酸同源性为78.3%～78.6%.VP1区亲缘进化树显示CVB5可以分为A、B、C、D 4个基因型,引起本次暴发的CVB5属于基因型D.结论 CVB5是引起兖州市无菌性脑膜炎暴发的病原体.优势基因型的变迁可能是造成无菌性脑膜炎反复暴发的因素之一.     

龙岩市柯萨奇病毒B5型基因特征分析

目的分析龙岩市2012年病毒性脑炎病例柯萨奇B组病毒5型(CVB5)的基因特征。方法采集患者脑脊液进行病毒分离,用中和试验确定毒株血清型,用008-013(GCRTGCAATGAYTTCTCWGT/GGIGCRTTICCYTCIGTCCA)和012-011(ATGTAYGTICCICCIGGIGG/GCICCIGAYTGITGICCRAA)两对引物分段扩增VP1区,进行序列分析。结果从152份患者脑脊液标本中,分离出2株CVB5,其部分VP1编码区序列长度为469/434个核苷酸,编码156/144个氨基酸。2株核苷酸同源性为92%,氨基酸同源性86%;与原型株Faulkner的核苷酸同源性73%~77%,氨基酸同源性82%~91%。与2011年3株龙岩分离株的核苷酸同源性83%~92%,氨基酸同源性78%~93%。系统进化树分析显示,2株龙岩分离株同属D组基因型。结论龙岩市2012年流行的CVB5病毒株出现了较大变异,患者可能出现神经系统并发症。应加强对CVB5株所致疾病的监测及其遗传进化的研究,为相关疾病防控提供依据。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.