新农合制度运行现状分析——基于6省14县的调查

目的:比较分析新农合住院服务利用、补偿、基金等方面运行情况,了解各地新农合的进展。方法:东、中、西部各选2个省,每个省随机选择2个县(江苏、广西抽取3个)作为样本县,对14县新农合基金和住院服务情况进行描述性分析和比较分析。结果:2012和2013年平均筹资水平分别为300和350元左右;利用县外医疗机构住院服务比例较高,I县甚至超过40%;除江苏、安徽外,其他四省住院补偿受益率超过10%;除福建外,住院实际补偿比超过50%;各县次均住院费用差异较大,2013年上涨明显;个人自付次均住院费用占农民人均纯收入的比例各县不同,部分县2013年有所下降;流向县外医疗机构的基金比例较高,G县甚至超过50%;当年基金多发生赤字,基金累计结余率在1%~2%之间。结论:新农合筹资水平较低,个人筹资责任较轻。住院服务利用结构不尽合理。住院实际补偿比提升乏力,群众医疗费用负担缓解不明显。基金可能存在监管乏力,且风险较高。     

农村合作医疗面临的问题和对策

为了使新农合可持续发展,通过分析新农合运行中存在的一些问题,如医疗管理部门对新农合制度运行中存在的各种困难认识不足,医疗服务机构对新农合惠民服务理念认识不足;单纯使农民受益的报销政策,一定程度上刺激了医疗费用的增长,住院人数大,基金支出大幅增长,面临基金透支风险.提出加强领导、强化管理、完善制度,适时提高筹资的水平,改革新农合报销政策、探索新农合的管理机制、合理分配卫生资源,控制医疗费用不合理增长.合理分配新农合基金,设立门诊统筹基金,激发定点医疗机构在新农合管理主动性等措施.     

吉林省新型农村合作医疗基金运行情况分析

目的分析吉林省2010年新农合基金筹资和使用情况,为新型农村合作医疗制度有效运行提供参考依据。方法收集吉林省2010年新型农村合作医疗相关数据,采用Excel软件进行数据录入,并进行统计分析。结果吉林省新农合实行县级统筹,筹资水平和住院费用补偿比均低于全国平均水平,但住院费用却高于全国水平,住院就医流向和补偿基金向县级和县级以上医疗机构倾斜。结论政府要建立合理的筹资机制,提高筹资水平;加大对基层医疗机构的财政投入和扶持力度,提高医疗水平和完善补偿方案;控制医疗费用过度增长,引导参合农民到基层医疗机构就医。     

一卡通为新农合基金加密

参合农民缴费难,政府筹资难,农民看病难、资金结算难是困扰新农合基金顺畅运行的几个瓶颈环节。尤其是套取骗取新农合基金行为屡有发生,加剧了基金运行的风险。为方便参合农民,保护新农合基金的安全,2013年,辽宁省营口市卫生局与中国农业银行股份有限公司营口市分行合作,在全市推行新农合金穗惠民一卡通工程。     

宁波市新型农村合作医疗制度运行状况分析

文章通过对宁波市新型农村合作医疗制度运行状况分析认为,本地区新型农村医疗合作制度运行整体平稳,其筹资结构、筹资水平和补偿模式体现了沿海经济发达地区新农合工作的特点。针对农民对新型农村合作医疗制度知晓率不高、基金结余率偏高等问题,提出加强组织引导和基金管理,进一步提高基金运行效率等建议。     

新农合个人筹资标准不宜增长过快

农村干部和群众普遍反映新农合个人筹资增长过快。现实中,新农合农民个人筹资的增长具有一定合理性,但是个人筹资部分增长速度过快,将不利于这一政策的健康运行和持续发展。新农合基金的扩增量之路应主要侧重在政府财政支出部分的增加,而非农民个人筹资部分的增长。新农合农民个人筹资部分应尽量保持稳定。     

新农合基金筹集的法律问题研究

筹资是新农合持续稳定运行的先决条件和物质基础。我国新农合建立了农民个人缴费、集体扶持和政府资助相结合的筹资机制,但运行过程中仍存在较为突出的问题,尤其是在缺乏法律保障的情况下,新农合筹资存在一定的困境和问题。为实现新农合筹资制度的规范化、法制化,应通过立法建立稳定的、可预期的筹资法律制度。     

第一批新型农村合作医疗试点地区基金运行情况分析

目的:研究第一批试点地区新农合基金运行情况.方法:利用第一批试点地区2004 -2010年各省统计报表数据,对基金运行的关键性指标进行纵向对比分析.结果:经历7年的运行第一批试点地区的参合率达到96％,累计筹资超过591亿元,受益面和受益水平也有显著提高;基金支出规模增幅较快,基金支付范围不断扩大,除住院,普通门诊外还兼顾了分娩、大额门诊等;基金的流向主要在县内医疗机构;基金的使用率较高,近年来保持在85％以上.结论:新农合目前仍缺乏长效稳定的筹资机制,需要建立科学、合理的补偿方案,也面临基金超支的风险.     

完善新型农村合作医疗基金监管体系的思考

目前我国新型农村合作医疗的筹资水平还比较低,保障水平也还不高,在这种情况下,如果发生基金的违规使用,将对新型农村合作医疗制度的发展形成很大的冲击,会影响农民参加新型农村合作医疗的积极性,因此需要建立完善的新农合基金监管体系.在分析我国新型农村合作医疗基金运作和管理特殊性的基础上,从基金内部治理结构、外部监管、审计和信息化建设等角度阐述了如何完善新农合基金监管体系.     

中部地区新型农村合作医疗运行情况分析

新型农村合作医疗运行4年以来,根据社会经济和卫生资源等发展水平分地区分析新农合实施情况十分必要.文章主要分析了中部地区自2003年启动新农合以来,参合筹资、基金使用和农民受益等几方面的变化情况,并对产生的变化进行了归纳和总结.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.