2009年中国8省(市)孕妇营养与健康状况结果分析

目的了解中国孕妇营养与健康基本状况。方法利用2009年八省(市)16县(市)开展的居民营养与健康监测数据,分析孕妇的营养与健康状况。结果孕妇平均年龄27.1岁,其中超过35岁的占6.3%。城市和农村孕妇服用过营养补充剂的比例分别占81.8%和57.8%(P<0.01),城市孕妇服用各种营养补充剂的比例均显著高于农村孕妇(p<0.01)。怀孕期间贫血患病率平均为14.0%,城市显著高于农村(P<0.05),主要为轻度贫血。孕期出现腓肠肌痉挛的比例平均为39.3%。城市和农村孕妇均存在蛋白质、维生素A、钙、铁等摄入量未达到推荐摄入量的问题,以钙缺乏最为突出。孕妇孕期自我保健知识主要来源于亲属、朋友、医疗机构、书报和电视,对城市孕妇而言,网络也是获得知识的重要途径。结论蛋白质和多种微量营养素不足是孕妇营养方面存在的突出问题。     

南通市城乡高龄老人膳食营养现况调查

[目的]描述南通市城乡高龄老人的膳食营养现状及其差异.[方法]选择80岁以上(含80岁)的129名农村老人和110名城市老人,采用24h回忆法进行膳食调查.[结果](1)城市高龄老人每人每日热能摄入量显著高于农村高龄老人(P<0.01),但均未达到中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量标准;城乡老人的脂肪供热占总热能的比例相近,且在适宜摄入量范围内(20%～30%);碳水化合物热能,农村老人高于城市老人(P<0.05).(2)两类人群的平均蛋白质摄入量均仅达到推荐摄入量标准的一半;摄入优质蛋白的比例为70%～80%,其中大豆蛋白超过30%.(3)农村高龄老人维生素E的摄入量达到推荐摄入量标准,城乡高龄老人维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和各种矿物质的摄入量均只接近推荐值的一半.[结论]城乡高龄老人对某些营养素的摄取量存在差异,城乡高龄老人蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和各种矿物质的摄入量严重不足.     

城乡孕产期妇女健康状况及分娩情况对比分析

目的:对比分析城乡孕产期妇女健康状况及分娩情况,为有效地改善孕产期妇女健康状况提供科学依据。方法:采用整群随机抽样抽取青岛市区和莘县农村地区共2 448名产后1年以内的妇女作为研究对象,其中城市1 248人,农村1 200人,由经过培训的调查员进行面对面的回顾性调查。结果:城市孕妇妊娠期糖尿病的患病率为0.89%,明显高于农村孕妇的0.09%(P<0.05);城市孕妇孕期贫血患病率为17.49%,明显高于农村孕妇的8.55%(P<0.05);农村孕妇孕期发生小腿抽筋的比例为27.65%,明显高于城市孕妇的22.85%(P<0.05);城市孕妇能在爱婴医院分娩的比例是96.21%,明显高于农村孕妇的86.49%(P<0.05);城市孕妇采取剖宫产分娩方式的比例是53.19%,明显高于农村孕妇的33.27%(P<0.05);分娩后城市产褥期妇女超重的比例为39.58%,明显高于农村产褥期妇女的25.25%(P<0.05)。结论:城市孕妇妊娠期糖尿病患病率及产褥期妇女超重率均高于农村妇女,城乡孕妇孕期小腿抽筋现象均比较严重,建议采取有效措施改善城乡孕产期妇女的健康状况;城市和农村剖宫产率均远远高于世界卫生组织规定的15%界限,建议采取有效措施降低剖宫产率,促进优生优育,保证母婴健康。     

孕妇膳食营养与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的:探讨孕妇膳食营养与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法:随机抽取孕晚期妇女352例(城市180例,农村172例),采用24h回顾法进行膳食调查,进行膳食营养评价,并对孕妇产前、产后以及新生儿进行必要体格检查。结果:①孕妇能量和各营养素摄入情况:除蛋白质、烟酸、VitB2以外,其他各营养素都基本接近于参考摄入量值;VitA、VitB2、钙、铁、锌的摄入量城乡差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。②新生儿出生体重情况:平均出生体重为3458g,男婴和女婴、城市和农村地区差异皆无统计学意义。巨大儿发生率10.80%,农村高于城市。低出生体重儿发生率3.41%,城乡差异无统计学意义。③孕期营养因素与新生儿出生体重的相关分析:除VitA、VitC、钙和铁以外,其他各营养素与新生儿出生体重皆呈正相关关系。总能量、碳水化合物和锌的摄入量与巨大儿发生率显示正相关关系,而VitA、VitB2、钙、铁则显示负相关关系。适量增加总能量和蛋白质摄入量可以减小低出生体重儿的发生概率。结论:农村孕妇部分维生素和必需微量元素的摄取量不够理想,为减少农村巨大儿发生率,建议孕妇在孕期应适量摄取碳水化合物和锌等物质,控制机体能量的摄入,适量增加VitA、VitB2、钙、铁等维生素和必需微量元素的摄入量。     

兰州城区孕妇膳食维生素及微量元素摄入状况调查与评价

目的调查兰州市城区孕妇不同孕期膳食维生素及微量元素摄入状况,并对不同孕期营养摄入状况进行评价。方法以2017年1月-2018年6月在甘肃省妇幼保健院建卡就诊并在本院分娩的单胎孕妇为研究对象,采用24小时膳食回顾法分别在孕早、孕中、孕晚期对孕妇进行膳食调查。结果兰州城市孕妇孕期平均膳食Vit A、Vit B1、烟酸、Vit C、铁、锌、铜的摄入量基本适宜,Vit B2、碘、硒的平均摄入量不足,Vit B6、叶酸的平均摄入量严重不足;孕晚期Vit B1的平均摄入量不足,Vit B2的摄入量严重不足。按家庭收入分层后结果显示,低收入组孕妇膳食Vit B2、烟酸及Vit C的日均摄入量较低(P <0.05),膳食碘、铁、锌、铜、硒的缺乏比例较高(P <0.05)。结论兰州城市孕妇膳食维生素及微量元素摄入缺乏情况在孕早、孕中、孕晚期有其独特性,应有针对性的开展孕期营养管理与干预,提高母婴健康水平。     

湖北省城乡孕妇膳食营养状况调查分析

目的:查明湖北省部分地区孕妇膳食营养现状,为制定符合湖北省实际情况的干预策略和措施提供参考。方法:抽取到医院进行产前检查的湖北省城乡孕妇进行问卷调查,采集孕妇血样测定营养生化指标,并采用t检验和χ2检验等方法对数据进行统计分析。结果:孕妇膳食结构以植物性食物为主,各类食物摄入量较丰富。农村孕妇奶类的摄入远远低于城市孕妇,粮谷类、蔬菜类的摄入较城市高,城市孕妇的水果类、大豆类、畜禽肉类、鱼虾蟹贝类食物摄入量高于农村孕妇。能量和各营养素平均摄入量总体达到RNI或AI的要求,但在部分孕妇中仍存在能量和营养素摄入明显不足的情况。营养生化指标中血清锌缺乏率最高(51.52%),尤其是农村地区。孕妇贫血患病率为35.50%,农村(50.74%)显著高于城市(13.68%)(χ2=33.5333,P<0.0001)。结论:湖北省孕妇膳食结构中食物种类多样,城市孕妇各类食物摄取都比较充足,农村孕妇膳食摄入和营养状况仍存在相对较多的问题。     

孕期营养评价及干预措施对妊娠结局的影响

目的:了解厦门市孕妇孕期营养状况,分析日常饮食对体内营养素的影响,评价营养干预措施的效果,为制定合理的孕期膳食计划提供科学依据。方法:2006年1月～2008年8月间,在厦门市妇幼保健院营养科接受营养咨询的孕妇571例,分别在孕20周前、孕26～27周、孕35～36周进行3次前3天的膳食调查,同时检测体内营养素水平,探讨日常饮食与体内营养素变化的关系,评价孕期营养。随机选取同一时期在本院分娩、孕20周前正常者,但未接受孕期营养指导的产妇254例,作为对照组。追踪随访两组孕妇的妊娠结局,评价营养干预措施的效果。结果:①两组孕妇在日常膳食中,脂肪摄入占总能量的比例均达营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)的要求,88.3%的孕妇摄入过高,超过了RNI的要求。孕中、后期,孕妇钙、铁的摄入不足,尤其是孕末期,钙、铁摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占29.8%及8.5%。孕中、晚期,锌、维生素C、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占40.9%、36.2%、44.8%、22.7%、45.9%。②孕期同时增加补充铁及维生素C,能较好地延缓血清铁蛋白浓度下降的趋势(P0.05),增加维生素B2的摄入是孕期胆固醇水平升高的保护因素(P0.05),而脂肪摄入过高,则是危险因素(P0.05)。③孕期能量摄入水平控制在1900～2600kCal/d,蛋白质摄入水平控制在70～115g/d时,新生儿出生体重异常的发生比例最低。④孕期接受过营养知识健康教育和指导的孕妇,其孕期营养相关并发症发生率、剖宫产率、新生儿出生体重异常率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:厦门市孕妇膳食结构有待于进一步改进,建议孕妇注重蛋白质、各类矿物质和维生素补充,减少脂肪摄入,能量与蛋白质摄入应在适宜范围内。同时大力提倡孕期营养咨询与指导,要加大孕期营养知识健康教育力度,普及营养知识,提高孕妇营养知识水平,改善妊娠结局。     

山西省18~60岁居民营养素摄入情况调查

目的 了解山西省18~60岁居民的营养素摄入状况。方法 在山西平遥县和小店区调查18~60岁居民膳食,分别于4个不同季节,每个季节采取7 d 24 h膳食回顾调查,依据《中国食物成分表》计算宏量营养素、维生素和矿物质的摄入量,能量、蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的摄入量。结果 调查对象391人,其中男性198人,城市男性98人、农村男性100人;女性193人,城市女性94人、农村女性99人。每日能量摄入量:城市低于农村(t=-6.45,P<0.05),男性高于女性(t=14.00,P<0.05),18~30岁组能量摄入最少(F=2.64,P<0.05),初中及以下最高(F=17.23,P<0.05)。每日脂肪摄入量:城市高于农村(t=11.09,P<0.05),男性高于女性(t=6.80,P<0.05),不同年龄段间比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.23,P>0.05),初中及以下最低(F=25.86,P<0.05)。每日蛋白质摄入量:城市与农村间比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.67,P>0.05),男性高于女性(t=13.79,P<0.05),不同年龄段间比较差异无统计学意义(F=1.52,P>0.05),高中大专最低(F=3.92,P<0.05)。每日碳水化合物摄入量:不同地区、性别、年龄、教育情况间比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。城市与农村每日维生素C、胡萝卜素、叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);男性与女性每日维生素E、尼克酸、维生素B12、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);除维生素B6外,不同年龄段每日维生素摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);各受教育程度间每日维生素A、维生素C、胡萝卜素、尼克酸、叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。城市与农村每日铁、锌、铜、镁、钠、钾摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);男性与女性每日钙、铁、锌、硒、铜、镁、钠、钾摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);不同年龄段每日钙、铜、镁、钠、钾的摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),且都是18~30岁年龄段摄入量最低(P均<0.05);除硒外,各受教育程度间居民的其他矿物元素摄入量比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 山西省391名18~60岁居民不同地区、性别、年龄、教育情况间营养素摄入有差异。     

孕期个性化膳食营养指导对母婴健康和妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨孕期个性化膳食营养指导对母婴健康和妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取2016年6月至2019年6月在武汉市某妇幼保健院产科门诊建立孕产妇保健手册的492名孕妇。按照随机化的方法，把研究对象分对照组和干预组，每组246人。对照组仅给予常规孕期健康知识宣教、健康检查和膳食调查；干预组在对照组的基础上，根据孕妇营养健康状况，给予全面专业的膳食营养宣教和个性化膳食营养指导。干预周期为自怀孕建档起持续到分娩。在孕中期和孕晚期对两组孕妇各开展一次膳食评估。采用t检验和卡方检验探究孕中、晚期两组之间营养素摄入及妊娠结局有无差异，评价个性化膳食营养干预的效果。结果 孕中期干预组孕妇能量、蛋白质、钙、铁、维生素A摄入量明显高于对照组（P<0.05）；孕晚期干预组孕妇能量、蛋白质、钙、铁、维生素A、维生素B2摄入量显著高于对照组（P<0.05），孕中晚期脂肪供能比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，低出生体重儿、巨大儿、剖宫产、妊娠期糖尿病发生率均明显低于对照组，其差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05)。结论 孕期科学合理的个性化膳食营养指导，在保证孕期均衡营养的同时，可降低巨大儿、剖...     

309例维吾尔族和汉族孕妇营养状况调查

目的:了解新疆地区维吾尔族和汉族孕妇膳食营养状况,及时发现存在的问题以便有针对性地提出改进建议,进行科学的膳食指导,促进母婴健康,预防妊娠合并症和胎儿畸形。方法:以在乌鲁木齐和阿图什妇幼保健院进行产检的309名维吾尔族和汉族孕妇为调查对象,采用24h回顾法进行膳食调查,结果用V1.6膳食营养计算器软件进行分析,计算出孕妇平均每人每日各种营养素摄入量,并与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)标准进行比较,进行评价及分析。结果:孕妇膳食中三大产热营养素的热能供给比例不平衡;钙、铁、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素C、维生素B12、叶酸的摄入量较低;尼克酸的摄入量较高。结论:维生素A、维生素C、维生素B1、维生素B2、铁为孕妇易缺乏的营养素。提示在这些地区应加强孕妇孕期的膳食营养指导,使孕妇合理膳食,必要时应补充孕妇营养食品或补充剂,以满足孕妇与胎儿的营养需要。     

Regional comparison of dietary intakes and health related behaviors among residents in Asan

Inadequate dietary intakes and poor health behaviors are of concern among rural residents in Korea. This study is conducted to compare dietary intakes, dietary diversity score (DDS), mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) and health related behaviors by rural, factory and urban areas in Asan. A total of 930 adults (351 men and 579 women) were interviewed to assess social economic status (SES), health related behaviors and food intakes by a 24-hour recall method. Mean age was 61.5 years with men being older (64.8 years) than women (59.3 years, p<0.001). Men in the factory area were older than rural or urban men while urban women were the youngest. Education and income of urban residents were higher than other area residents. There were more current drinkers in urban area while smoking status was not different by regions. Physical activity was significantly higher in rural or factory areas, whilst urban residents exercised more often (p<0.05). Rural or factory area residents considered themselves less healthy than others while perceived stress was lower than urban residents. Energy intakes were higher in urban residents or in men, however, after SES was controlled, energy intake did not show any differences. Energy-adjusted nutrient intakes were significantly higher in the urban area (p<0.05) for most nutrients except for carbohydrate, niacin, folic acid, vitamin B₆, iron and fiber. Sodium intake was higher in factory area than in other areas after SES was controlled. DDS of rural men and MAR of both men and women in the rural area were significantly lower when SES was controlled. In conclusion, dietary intakes, diversity, adequacy and perceived health were poor in the rural area, although other health behaviors such as drinking and perceived stress were better than in the urban area. In order to improve perceived health of rural residents, good nutrition and exercise education programs are recommended.     

贫困农村孕中、晚期妇女营养知识、态度和膳食行为调查

目的:了解贫困农村孕中、晚期妇女的营养知识、态度和膳食行为,为贫困农村孕妇营养健康教育工作提供依据。方法:采用整群抽样的方法抽取祥云县16个贫困村作为调查点,使用自行设计的问卷对调查点内所有孕中、晚期妇女进行问卷调查。结果:被调查的291名农村孕妇中,仅有3.8%听说过《中国居民膳食指南》和(或)"中国居民膳食宝塔";27.5%的孕妇认为"孕期吃的东西和孩子的健康没有关系";82.8%的孕妇愿意学习营养保健知识,他们希望获取营养知识的途径主要是医生宣教(63.49%)和电视广播(40.59%)。此次调查中孕妇的食物消费以谷类、蔬菜、水果为主;豆类和水果的摄入频率高于其他农村地区,但是鱼虾类、坚果类、内脏血、海产品类的摄入频率甚低,孕妇各类食物的摄入频率与其文化程度、经济收入和经济支配权无关。结论:贫困农村的孕妇营养知识缺乏,膳食结构单一,膳食行为有待改善;孕妇学习营养知识的需求较强,妇幼工作者应主动为孕妇及其家属提供营养保健知识,加强营养教育,促进母婴健康。     

乌鲁木齐与阿图什两地孕妇营养状况比较

目的:初步探讨并比较乌鲁木齐和阿图什两地279例孕妇膳食营养状况,阐明两地孕妇营养情况对母子健康的影响,为在少数民族地区进行妇幼营养与优生学的宣传教育以及预防各种出生缺陷提供科学依据,最终达到母子健康的目的。方法:采用24h膳食调查,将全部资料用营养计算器软件V1.6处理,然后输入Excel得出平均值,并与中国营养学会推荐的膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)进行比较,再测定血红蛋白。结果:①乌鲁木齐和阿图什两地孕妇多数营养素未达到中国营养学会推荐的营养素供给量标准。②乌鲁木齐组孕妇的维生素A、维生素E、锌、硒、维生素B12、碘比阿图什组高,其他均比阿图什组低。结论:乌鲁木齐和阿图什两地孕妇多数营养素未达到中国营养学会推荐的营养素供给量标准,而且两地孕妇的膳食营养水平有差异。     

Patterns of Food and Nutrient Consumption in Northern Iran,a High-Risk Area for Esophageal Cancer

Our objectives were to investigate patterns of food and nutrient consumption in Golestan province, a high-incidence area for esophageal cancer (EC) in northern Iran. Twelve 24-h dietary recalls were administered during a 1-yr period to 131 healthy participants in a pilot cohort study. We compare here nutrient intake in Golestan with recommended daily allowances (RDAs) and lowest threshold intakes (LTIs). We also compare the intake of 27 food groups and nutrients among several population subgroups using mean values from the 12 recalls. Rural women had a very low level of vitamin intake, which was even lower than LTIs (P < 0.01). Daily intake of vitamins A and C was lower than LTI in 67% and 73% of rural women, respectively. Among rural men, the vitamin intakes were not significantly different from LTIs. Among urban women, the vitamin intakes were significantly lower than RDAs but were significantly higher than LTIs. Among urban men, the intakes were not significantly different from RDAs. Compared to urban dwellers, intake of most food groups and nutrients, including vitamins, was significantly lower among rural dwellers. In terms of vitamin intake, no significant difference was observed between Turkmen and non-Turkmen ethnics. The severe deficiency in vitamin intake among women and rural dwellers and marked differences in nutrient intake between rural and urban dwellers may contribute to the observed epidemiological pattern of EC in Golestan, with high incidence rates among women and people with low socioeconomic status and the highest incidence rate among rural women.     

湖北省城乡妇女产褥期膳食营养状况追踪调查

目的:调查研究妇女产褥期膳食营养状况,为采取相应改进措施打下基础。方法:选择湖北省城乡地区302名孕晚期妇女作为研究对象,对产妇进行跟踪随访调查。结果:城乡对象产褥期粮谷类、肉禽鱼蛋类摄取丰富,但果蔬类、奶类偏少。分娩4周后,肉禽鱼蛋类摄入呈降低趋势,表现出将大量动物性食物集中在月子里消费的习惯。农村对象粮谷类、肉禽鱼蛋类和蔬菜类的摄入量显著高于城市对象,而后者奶类、水果类摄入高于前者。城市对象产褥期能量、蛋白质摄入充足,但维生素C、钙的平均摄取量仅占RNI的37.18%和37.54%。农村对象维生素C摄取量接近RNI水平,但能量和蛋白质摄入大大超过RNI值。城乡对象血清锌、血清钙水平低于正常的比例较高,而维生素A缺乏的较少。结论:应有针对性地对城乡妇女产褥期的食物量和膳食结构进行适当调整,以保证产褥期的营养均衡。     

海南省城乡居民膳食营养状况分析

对１９９２年海南省城乡人群的膳食结构和营养状况调查结果进行了分析。结果表明，热能摄入量偏低，食物搭配不合理，三大主要营养素摄入量，城市高于农村，各类营养素的摄入量随着经济收入的增加而上升。城市钙、锌、视黄醇，硫胺素、核黄素摄入不足，农村钙、硫胺素、核黄素摄入仅占供给量（ＲＤＡ）５０％。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市为２１．１％，农村为１１．６％。学龄前儿童热量、钙、锌摄入不足，维生素缺乏。     

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diet of urban and rural dwellers in northern Nigeria

Over the last 30 years, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including stroke and myocardial infarction, have increased in developing countries. Serum lipids and diet of the Fulani, a rural Nigerian population, were previously studied. Despite their consumption of a diet rich in saturated fat, the overall blood lipid profiles of Fulani men and women are generally favourable. However, Fulani males in the same study had mean serum levels of homocysteine, an emerging risk factor for CVD, that exceeded the upper limit of the homocysteine reference range. The authors were interested in knowing if these findings in the Fulani nomads were representative of the biochemical parameters of CVD risk in other ethnic groups in the same region of Nigeria. To address this question, the nutrient content of diets of 55 men, aged 20-75 years, and 77 women, aged 20-70 years, who were inhabitants of a large urban centre in northern Nigeria, was assessed, and their serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and homocysteine were determined. These data were compared with those of the same rural Fulani population studied previously. Urban subjects consumed more calories than rural subjects (men: 2061 vs 1691 kcal; women: 1833 vs 1505 kcal) and had a significantly higher mean body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat than rural subjects. Both urban males and females had carbohydrate intakes that were greater than those of Fulani pastoralists (men: 56% vs 33% total calories; women: 51% vs 38% total calories), but had a significantly lower dietary intake of total fat and saturated fat (men: 36% vs 51% of total calories; women: 40% vs 51% of total calories). With the exception of HDL-cholesterol levels, which were significantly lower in the rural population, the blood lipid profiles of rural subjects were more favourable compared to those of urban subjects. Both urban and rural males had homocysteine levels above the upper limit of the reference range for healthy adults (urban males--12.7 micromol/L; rural males-15.2 micromol/L). The dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B12 were lower for rural Fulani subjects, and this was reflected in their significantly lower serum concentrations of these two vitamins. Results of this study suggest that, although the lipid profiles of urban and rural men and women in northern Nigeria indicate a relatively low risk for CVD, their elevated serum homocysteine levels are a cause for concern. The high homocysteine levels among rural men and women could be explained in part at least by their marginal status with respect to folate and vitamin B12.