上珠地村地方性镉中毒的调查报告

连城县庙前镇上珠地村鸟石坪溪水、食水坑溪水水镉分别为０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．０８ｍｇ／Ｌ，是国家生活饮用水允许含量的３倍、８倍，属原生镉污染水体；农田土壤镉均值１．２８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，是对照村的６．４倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；糙米镉均值为０．６４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，是对照村的２６．６７倍（＜０．０１），镉中位数为０．２１５μｇ／ｇ，是对照村的２．９１倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；吸烟者全血镉几何均值为９．１０μｇ／Ｌ，是对照村的４．９３倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；不吸烟者全血镉几何均值为５．９３μｇ／Ｌ，是对照村的６．８２倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；尿镉几何均值为１０．４μｇ／ｇ·ｃｒ，是对照村的６．９倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；尿镉几何均值为１０．４μｇ／·ｃｒ，是对照村的６．９倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；尿β２－微球蛋白几何均值为１８１μｇ／ｇ·ｃｒ，是对照村的１．７４倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）；发现７例有肾小管功能障碍的象征，尿β２－微球蛋白在１１１４～１３２４８μｇ／ｇ·ｃｒ，原总蛋白也有所提高。确证该村为原生镉污染，属地方性镉中毒病区。     

某金矿冶炼厂汞污染对人体健康效应的调查

为探讨环境汞污染对人体健康效应,调查某金矿冶炼厂内外空气、土壤和野生植物汞污染情况及测定该厂区车间内外职业人群和非职业人群发汞、尿汞含量。结果表明,环境汞含量明显超标,职业人群尿汞平均含量０．０８８±０．０７８ｍｇ／Ｌ,发汞平均含量４．８８±３．８５μｇ／ｇ,二者差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：金冶炼厂环境污染对人体健康产生一定影响     

24例砷化物急性中毒的调查报告

某硫酸厂废水污染水源，造成２４人中毒，其中４人死亡，２人致残。经流行病学调查，饮水中砷含量最高检出值为５４． ９ｍｇ／Ｌ，超出国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》 １０８８倍，比对照点高出 ５４９０倍。患者尿砷算术均数为０． ０９８ｍｇ／Ｌ（本底值为 ０． ０３９ｍｇ／Ｌ），发砷算术均数为０． ３７４ｍｇ／１００ｇ（本底值为０．０４３ｍｇ／１００ｇ）。二组比较Ｐ＜０．０１，有显著性差异。经流行病学调查和临床诊断，确诊为急性二氧化二砷中毒。     

贵阳地区108例正常人发锑正常上限水平探讨

对贵阳地区１０８例健康人发锑进行测定，结果为Ｘ＝２．７３μｇ／ｇ、Ｓ＝２．０６、９５％上限值为８．３３μｇ／ｇ．同时测定了某锑矿锑人（车间空气锑深度分别为＜５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３及５．１－１６．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）发锑结果为Ｘ＝８４．５４μｇ／ｇ，Ｓ＝５０．４７、１２５．６５，各组间经ｔ检验，均有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），固建议，贵阳地区发锑正常上限水平为９μｇ／ｇ．     

铁缺乏及补充对7～12岁儿童智力及脑功能影响的研究

从Ｈｂ＜１２０ｇ／Ｌ，ＦＥＰ＞５００μｇ／Ｌ，ＳＦ＜１６μｇ／Ｌ及补铁后Ｈｂ升高１０ｇ／Ｌ四项指标任选三项为ＩＤＡ诊断指标，以武汉市市郊７～１２岁儿童１１６０人为研究对象，共筛查出ＩＤＡ患者２６９人，并以配对的方法随机抽取７０名分为缺铁补铁组（另补铁１０ｍｇ、ＶＣ５０ｍｇ）和缺铁组（即安慰剂组，不含铁及ＶＣ），另设正常对照组３０人，连续３个月。观察补铁前后各组Ｈｂ、ＦＥＰ、ＳＦ、智商（ＩＱ）、脑事件相关电位（ＥＲＰｓ）中Ｎ１、Ｐ２、Ｎ２、Ｐ３四成分的变化情况。结果表明，经３个月补铁，缺铁补铁组各项指标均恢复正常，与正常对照组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。缺铁补铁组智商的变化主要表现在视觉记忆（Ｐ＜０．０１）、有意义记忆、语言推理及数量推理（Ｐ＜０．０５）等四方面有明显改善；脑事件相关电位的变化主要是Ｎ１和Ｐ３两成分的潜伏期明显缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明，铁缺乏对儿童智力及脑功能存在明显影响，但经３个月补铁后能恢复正常。     

尿液中视黄醇结合蛋白对肾小管疾病的诊断价值

应用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测１０２例正常健康人及１１６例肾脏损害者的尿液视黄醇结合蛋白（ＲＢＰ）。正常健康人尿液ＲＢＰ浓度为０．２４±０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ，肾脏损害者为４．９６±０．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ，两者比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。１１６例肾脏疾病患者中，２８例为系统性红斑狼疮（２．０１±３．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ），３０例为肾脏炎症（３．０３±２．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ），２０例为肾病综合征（１．０２±０．８７ｍｇ／Ｌ），２４例为尿毒症（１２．９２±３．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ），其它１４例为糖尿病、甲亢、皮肌炎（０．５９±２．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ），均较正常人有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。尿ＲＢＰ是近曲小管疾患的敏感指标，对肾小管疾病有重要诊断价值。     

维生素C对暴露于臭氧环境中小鼠心脑脂褐质水平的影响

小鼠２４ｈ暴露于低浓度臭氧环境中，１周后小鼠心、脑脂褐质含量（１０．９±１．７、８．６±１．７μｇ／ｇ）明显高于对照组小鼠心、脑脂褐质含量（８．１±１．５、６．９±１．６μｇ／ｇ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而给暴露在臭氧环境中小鼠每日喂以５ｍｇ／ｋｇ维生素Ｃ后，小鼠心、脑脂褐质含量（８．３±０．８、５．２±０．７μｇ／ｇ）明显低于臭氧组（Ｐ＜０．０１），与对照组相比较无显著性的差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

血清肿瘤坏死因子测定及其对糖尿病肾病发病的作用

为进一步探讨糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）的发病机理，更有效地防治ＤＮ，采用放射免疫分析法测定了３０例糖尿病（ＤＭ）、２６例ＤＮ和２７例肾脏疾病患者的血清肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）含量，并与正常组对照。结果表明，ＤＭ血清ＴＮＦ测值为１．６３±０．２１μｇ／Ｌ，与对照组比较增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＤＮ组为２．６０±０．５１μｇ／Ｌ。显著高于正常（Ｐ＜０．０１），肾脏疾病组为２．６１±０．４３μｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），增高与ＤＮ组无差异。从而明确了ＤＮ时血液循环中的ＴＮＦ明显增加，与细胞培养所得出的结论是一致的。     

PCⅢ与肝纤维化

采用国产血清Ⅲ型前胶原（ＰＣⅢ）试剂盒，应用放免法测定早期肝硬化１５例，血清ＰＣⅢ含量为２５４±３９．０６μｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５），与正常对照组９３．０８±２０．９６μｇ／Ｌ相比较，有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），提示早期肝硬化患者体内肝纤维合成代谢旺盛，ＰＣⅢ明显升高，有助于肝纤维化程度的判断。     

丙肝患者6项免疫指标检测的临床意义

采用改良聚乙二醇比浊法对丙肝患者和正常人群各５０例进行血清ＣＩＣ、免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、补体Ｃ３、Ｃ４。检测。结果显示，丙肝患者ＣＩＣ为２５．１２±６．９ｍｇ／ｌ、免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ为２３．６８±１３．１６ｇ／Ｌ、ＩｇＡ为２．２７±０．８ｇ／Ｌ，显著高于正常人群组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩｇＭ为１．８５±０．７４ｇ／Ｌ、补体Ｃ４为０．５５±０．１９ｇ／Ｌ几，略高于正常人群，与正常人群组相比无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｃ３为１．０２±０．２４ｇ／Ｌ略低于正常人群组，与正常人群组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示ＣＩＣ在以免疫复合物为基础的肝细胞损害过程中具有重要意义。动态观察丙肝患者血清ＣＩＣ的含量，并结合免疫球蛋白和补体的检查，是综合判断丙肝患者急性期、慢性期和恢复期的主要依据之一，并对ＣＩＣ和肝脏破坏关系的了解有一定的帮助。     

职业性氟化氢接触对工人骨骼的影响

目的 研究职业接触氟化氢对工人骨骼的影响.方法 选择某氟化氢生产企业接触氟化氢作业工人302名及电子厂工人(对照组)85名作为研究对象,测定其氟接触外剂量、尿氟值,并调查骨密度、骨质疏松和骨骼影像学检查结果,分析接触剂量与骨骼检查结果的关系.结果 2018-2020年各车间30个检测点空气中氟化氢平均质量浓度为未检出～...     

铅、镉、砷污染地区人群免疫功能检测分析

目的 探讨铅锌矿矿区铅镉砷混合接触对不同暴露人群机体免疫状况的影响.方法 选择铅锌矿矿区矿工、矿区居民和无污染地区居民3组人群共96人作为研究对象,对3组人群所处环境中的铅、镉、砷含量,人体血液和尿液的铅、镉、砷含量以及人体免疫学指标进行分析.结果 矿工组血中铅、镉、砷含量几何均数分别为216.57,5.04,58.65μg/L,矿区居民组血中铅、镉、砷含量几何均数分别为143.62,2.42,33.24μg/L,均高于对照人群,几何均数分别为81.54,1.18,11.50μg/L(P<0.01).3组人群尿液中的各种毒物差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).矿工和矿区居民的免疫功能相对于对照组均有不同程度的下降(P<0.01).结论 接触铅、镉和砷的矿区矿工和居民免疫功能受到了不同程度的损害.     

Reduction in urinary arsenic with bottled-water intervention

The study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of providing bottled water in reducing arsenic exposure. Urine, tap-water and toenail samples were collected from non-smoking adults residing in Ajo (n=40) and Tucson (n=33), Arizona, USA. The Ajo subjects were provided bottled water for 12 months prior to re-sampling. The mean total arsenic (microg/L) in tap-water was 20.3+/-3.7 in Ajo and 4.0+/-2.3 in Tucson. Baseline urinary total inorganic arsenic (microg/L) was significantly higher among the Ajo subjects (n=40, 29.1+/-20.4) than among the Tucson subjects (n=32, 11.0+/-12.0, p<0.001), as was creatinine-adjusted urinary total inorganic arsenic (microg/g) (35.5+/-25.2 vs 13.2+/-9.3, p<0.001). Baseline concentrations of arsenic (microg/g) in toenails were also higher among the Ajo subjects (0.51+/-0.72) than among the Tucson subjects (0.17+/-0.21) (p<0.001). After the intervention, the mean urinary total inorganic arsenic in Ajo (n=36) dropped by 21%, from 29.4+/-21.1 to 23.2+/-23.2 (p=0.026). The creatinine-adjusted urinary total inorganic arsenic and toenail arsenic levels did not differ significantly with the intervention. Provision of arsenic-free bottled water resulted in a modest reduction in urinary total inorganic arsenic.     

Are current biomarkers suitable for the assessment of manganese exposure in individual workers?

BACKGROUND: Whole blood and urinary manganese have been measured in occupational and environmental studies for the assessment of exposure. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the airborne concentrations of manganese and these biological indicators. METHODS: Environmental and biological monitoring was performed in a group of 94 employees in a ferroalloy production, who were exposed to manganese (Mn) oxides (MnO(2) and Mn(3)O(4)). The results were compared with those from a control group of 87 subjects not exposed to Mn. RESULTS: Mn exposure levels ranged between 5 and 740 micrograms/m(3), with arithmetic and geometric mean and median values being 202.6, 97.6, and 150 micrograms/m(3), respectively. Arithmetic and geometric means for Mn in total blood (MnB) were, respectively, 10.3+/-3.8 and 9.7 micrograms/L in the exposed and 5.9+/-1.7 and 5.7 micrograms/L in the controls. For urinary Mn (MnU), arithmetic and geometric means were, respectively, 4.9+/-3.6 and 3. 8 micrograms/L in the exposed and 1.2+/-1.4 and 0.7 micrograms/L in the controls. On a group comparison, a significant relationship was found between high and low exposed subgroups, identified according to Mn atmospheric concentrations (MnA), for both MnB (F value=38.0, P > 0.0001) and MnU (F value=36.1, P > 0.0001). On a linear relationship, a correlation was observed between MnA and MnB (r=0. 34; r(2)=0.112; P=0.001), whereas no association was found between MnA and MnU. A significant relationship emerged also between MnB and MnU (r=0.48, r(2)=0.23, P < 0.0001). No association was observed between an index of cumulative exposure and the biological indicators of exposure. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that MnB and MnU can discriminate groups of occupationally exposed workers from groups of nonexposed subjects. MnB is also related to the intensity of external exposure on a linear relationship, but given a high variability, it is not suitable for individual biological monitoring. Therefore, further research should focus on more accurate biomarkers of Mn exposure.     

职业性砷暴露工人尿有机砷和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷水平的相关性

目的评价云南省某砒霜厂工人体内砷的代谢转化与DNA氧化损伤关系。方法选择云南省某砒霜厂一线工人37例（高暴露组）、管理和后勤人员16例（低暴露组）和当地近期无毒物接触史人员28例（对照组）为研究对象,检测尿中有机砷和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷水平,评价砷的代谢转化和DNA氧化损伤相关性。结果高、低暴露组男性尿有机砷分别为（0、48±0．37）mg／L、（0．08±0．05）mg／L,高、低暴露组女性尿有机砷分别为0．11mg／L、（0．30±0．24）mg／L,对照组均低于检出值下限（0．02mg／L）;高、低暴露组和对照组男性尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷分别为（18．07±11．68）μmol／mol肌酐、（11．79±8．25）μmol／mol肌酐和（10．07±3．04）μmol／mol肌酐,高暴露组高于对照组（P〈0．05）;高、低暴露组和对照组女性尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷浓度分别为84．35μmol／mol肌酐、（21．27±5．89）μmol／mol肌酐和（14．43±2．58）μmol／mol肌酐,暴露组女性尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷浓度高于暴露组男性（P〈0．05）。尿中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷浓度随尿中有机砷浓度升高有上升趋势（rs=0．279,P=0．019）。结论砷职业暴露人群存在明显的DNA氧化损伤,对女性损伤更为明显,砷的代谢转化差异可能起关键作用。     

Arsenic drinking water exposure and urinary excretion among adults in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico

The objective of this study was to determine arsenic exposure via drinking water and to characterize urinary arsenic excretion among adults in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2001 to May 2002. Study subjects were from the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, residents of four towns with different arsenic concentrations in their drinking water. Arsenic exposure was estimated through water intake over 24 h. Arsenic excretion was assessed in the first morning void urine. Total arsenic concentrations and their species arsenate (As V), arsenite (As III), monomethyl arsenic (MMA), and dimethyl arsenic (DMA) were determined by HPLC/ICP-MS. The town of Esperanza with the highest arsenic concentration in water had the highest daily mean intake of arsenic through drinking water, the mean value was 65.5 microg/day. Positive correlation between total arsenic intake by drinking water/day and the total arsenic concentration in urine (r = 0.50, P < 0.001) was found. Arsenic excreted in urine ranged from 18.9 to 93.8 microg/L. The people from Esperanza had the highest geometric mean value of arsenic in urine, 65.1 microg/L, and it was statistically significantly different from those of the other towns (P < 0.005). DMA was the major arsenic species in urine (47.7-67.1%), followed by inorganic arsenic (16.4-25.4%), and MMA (7.5-15%). In comparison with other reports the DMA and MMA distribution was low, 47.7-55.6% and 7.5-9.7%, respectively, in the urine from the Yaqui Valley population (except the town of Cocorit). The difference in the proportion of urinary arsenic metabolites in those towns may be due to genetic polymorphisms in the As methylating enzymes of these populations.     

Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to assess reliable biological indicators for monitoring the occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), taking into account the possible confounding role of arsenicals present in food and of the element present in drinking water. METHODS: 51 Glass workers exposed to As trioxide were monitored by measuring dust in the breathing zone, with personal air samplers. Urine samples at the end of work shift were analysed for biological monitoring. A control group of 39 subjects not exposed to As, and eight volunteers who drank water containing about 45 micrograms/l iAs for a week were also considered. Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the analysis of total As in air and urine samples, whereas the urinary As species (trivalent, As3; pentavalent, As5; monomethyl arsonic acid, MMA; dimethyl arsinic acid, DMA; arsenobetaine, AsB) were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) RESULTS: Environmental concentrations of As in air varied widely (mean 84 micrograms/m3, SD 61, median 40) and also the sum of urinary iAs MMA and DMA, varied among the groups of exposed subjects (mean 106 micrograms/l, SD 84, median 65). AsB was the most excreted species (34% of total As) followed by DMA (28%), MMA (26%), and As3 + As5 (12%). In the volunteers who drank As in the water the excretion of MMA and DMA increased (from a median of 0.5 to 5 micrograms/day for MMA and from 4 to 13 micrograms/day for DMA). The best correlations between As in air and its urinary species were found for total iAs and As3 + As5. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid the effect of As from sources other than occupation on urinary species of the element, in particular on DMA, it is proposed that urinary As3 + As5 may an indicator for monitoring the exposure to iAs. For concentrations of 10 micrograms/m3 the current environmental limit for iAs, the limit for urinary As3 + As5 was calculated to be around 5 micrograms/l, even if the wide variation of values needs critical evaluation and application of data. The choice of this indicator might be relevant also from a toxicological point of view. Trivalent arsenic is in fact the most active species and its measure in urine could be the best indicator of some critical effects of the element, such as cancer.

 

     

苯暴露尿中苯巯基尿酸的变化

目的 探讨尿苯巯基尿酸(S-phenylmercapturic acid,S-PMA)作为苯职业性暴露生物标志物的可行性.方法 动物模型研究:48只成年SPF级Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组、低浓度组(4mg/m3)、中浓度组(6 mg/m3)和高浓度组(10 mg/m3),雌雄各半;纯苯动态染毒28 d(4个时段,每个时段染毒5 d后停止2 d).监测苯浓度,每个时段染毒后立即取5 h尿,高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱联用技术检测大鼠尿中S-PMA含量.人群研究:接触组为广州市某船厂80名接触混苯的工人,对照组为该厂40名行政管理人员,对照组除不接触混苯外,其他与接触组均衡可比;检测环境中混苯浓度,收集研究对象班后尿.尿样处理和尿S-PMA检测同鼠尿.结果 (1)动物模型研究:在不同染毒时间内,鼠尿中S-PMA浓度随着环境中苯浓度的增高而升高,低、中、高3组间尿中S-PMA含量的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),但尿中S-PMA含量未随染毒时间延长而变化,同浓度组染毒不同时间,鼠尿中S-PMA含量的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)人群研究:接触低浓度混苯的工人尿中S-PMA含量为(13.6±3.4)μg/L,高浓度组为(27.2±7.9)μg/L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).大鼠和人群对照组尿中S-PMA本底值均低于5 μg/L.结论 尿中S-PMA含量与环境中苯浓度有关,暴露时间长短对其没有明显影响,在低浓度暴露情况下,尿中仍能检测到S-PMA,可以认为其是反映苯职业接触水平比较敏感的生物标志物.     

职业铅接触对工人骨密度和骨代谢的影响

目的探讨职业铅接触对工人骨密度和骨代谢的影响。方法以上海某蓄电池厂298名铅作业工人为职业接触对象，同时选取该厂无职业铅接触史的办公室工作人员81名作为对照。血铅（BPb）、尿铅（UPb）为接触标志物；代表骨质疏松的Z评分、尿羟脯氨酸（HYP）、血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血清骨碱性磷酸酶（BALP）、血清骨钙素（BGP）为效应标志物。应用单光子骨密度仪（SPA-4）测定工人骨密度。结果职业铅接触组人群BPb、UPb、HYP、ALP、BALP均高于对照组，其中男性差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；接触组BGP高于对照组，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；接触组骨密度低于对照组，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与UPb 0-μg／gCr组比，各人群UPb10-μg／gCr组的骨密度均明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；与BPb0～μg／L组比，男性BPb300-μg／L组的骨密度明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。分别与UPb0-μg／gCr组、BPb0-μg／L组比，各人群UPb20-μg／gCr组、BPb300-μg／L组的HYP、ALP、BALP、BGP均明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随着体内铅接触水平的升高，人群骨质疏松的患病率和各骨代谢指标的异常率均随之明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），并呈线性相关（P〈0．01），但BGP的异常率与UPb无明显联系（P〉0．05）。计算得到基准剂量（BMD），推出基准剂量的95％低限水平（BMDL）。铅所引起的骨质疏松指标的BPb、UPbBMDL值均高于铅致骨代谢指标改变的BMDL值。结论职业铅接触能引起人群骨密度降低而导致骨质疏松，并且可以影响工人骨代谢。     

Effects of low-level occupational exposure to styrene on color vision: dose relation with a urinary metabolite

To investigate the threshold effects of chronic low-level occupational exposure to styrene on color vision, we examined color discrimination in 105 male workers exposed to styrene (mean age 37.7 years; mean length of exposure 6.2 years; mean urinary concentration of mandelic acid 0.21 g/L) and in 117 referents (mean age 37.7 years). We also assessed the effects of styrene by examination of the nature of the relation between disorders of nervous function and age, alcohol consumption, and other variables. A standardized questionnaire was adopted to collect information about work history, occupational or nonoccupational solvent exposure, alcohol consumption, and drug use. Color vision was evaluated by the Lanthony desaturated panel D-15 test. The results of the test were expressed as the color confusion index (CCI). There was a dose-dependent relationship between the urinary concentration of mandelic acid and color vision loss. The CCIs of the subgroups whose urinary mandelic acid levels were 0.1-0.2 and >0.2 g/L were significantly higher than those of each referent group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), but not in the subgroup whose urinary mandelic acid level was lower than 0.1 g/L. Our study suggests that a low level of styrene, presumably 0.1-0.2 g/L, involves the risk of inducing adverse effects on color vision. After confounding factors were adjusted for, the urinary mandelic acid level had a significant positive relationship with color vision.