阿莫西林舒巴坦临床不合理应用问题探讨

目的：分析阿莫西林舒巴坦临床不合理应用问题。方法：全面调查我院2011年1月至2013年12月期间采用阿莫西林舒巴坦的临床应用情况，分析用药的实际情况，总结不合理用药原因。结果：阿莫西林舒巴坦应用率为10．01％，感染性使用率75．4％，预防性使用率24．6％；手术患者作为预防性应用抗菌药物为49．9％；阿莫西林舒巴坦药敏及病原学检查为25．8％；联用其他药物占75．5％；77．7％患者通过静滴给药。结论：阿莫西林舒巴坦在临床抗菌药物应用中具有较高频率，在预防性抗菌药物中也具有较高的应用次数，药敏试验次数较少，存在诸多的不合理用药问题。     

住院患者抗菌药物应用调查分析与管理对策

目的了解医院抗菌药物的使用情况，为临床合理应用抗菌药物管理提供依据。方法回顾性调查2005年1月-2006年12月出院病历，手术病历810份和非手术病历1220份（其中非手术应用抗菌药物的病历730份），统计与分析抗菌药物使用情况。结果所有应用抗菌药物的病例均符合用药指征，手术患者810例中仅有56例用药完全合理，占6．91％，有754例存在用药不合理，占93．01％，手术病例抗菌药物预防性用药选药档次过高、围手术期用药时间不当等不合理现象较为突出，I类切口平均术后预防用药时间6．59d，Ⅱ类切口平均术后预防用药时间6．44d；非手术患者抗菌药物应用率59．83％，共有730例，其中有432例用药完全合理，占59．18％，不合理用药298例，占40．82％，以药物用法、用量不当，应做而没有做病原学检查现象较为突出。结论加强抗菌药物合理应用相关培训学习，严格掌握用药原则，建立健全的抗菌药物管理机构和制度是控制抗菌药物合理使用的关键。     

清洁手术围术期预防性应用抗菌药的调查与分析

目的通过对普外科清洁手术预防性应用抗菌药的调查，分析其抗菌药的使用情况。方法采取随机抽取普外科2009年4～9月住院病例31例清洁手术，对病例作回顾性调查分析。结果31例清洁手术中，抗菌药物预防性应用率高达100％，其中单一用药25例，二联用药6例，术前应用〈2h者2例（占6％），〉2h者6例（8％）；术中应用1例（3．22％），其余为术后应用，其中累计应用抗菌药最长者达14d。结论应进一步规范围手术期抗菌药物的使用，加强与医师的沟通，提高抗菌药物的合理应用。     

综合性医院抗菌药物应用调查分析与管理对策

目的 了解我院抗菌药物的应用状况，指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法 对2001年9月份出院病历l517份的抗菌药物的使用情况编制调查表，进行统计分析。结果 我院抗菌药物总应用率为71．38％，预防性用药占66．14％，联合用药率为50．46％，以经验用药为主，抗菌药物应用频率最高的种类是头孢菌素类，其次为青霉素类和喹诺酮类，抗菌药物费用占总药费24．43％，新型、昂贵抗菌药物所占费用大，主要存在问题有外科系统预防性使用抗菌药物过宽，围手术期预防用药不规范，经验用药和选用高档抗菌药物较多，病原学送检率低。结论 我院抗菌药物应用率处于国内中位水平，不合理应用仍占相当比例，加强抗菌药物合理应用与规范化管理，提高医务人员合理用药整体水平是医院感染管理工作的重要内容之一。     

围手术期抗菌药物预防性应用调查分析

目的 了解围手术期抗菌药物预防性应用的现状,为抗菌药物合理应用管理提供客观依据.方法 随机抽查2010年12月-2011年5月出院的263份手术病历,对其围术期预防性应用抗菌药物情况进行回顾性调查及统计分析.结果 预防用药率74.5％,其中Ⅰ类切口手术预防用药率95.5％;预防性应用抗菌药物以单一用药为主,占82.7％,无≥三联用药;头孢菌素类应用率最高,占60.0％,其次是硝基咪唑类、头霉素类,占11.1％、7.4％;明确在术前30 min给药者占66.5％,剖宫产手术断脐后给药者占58.6％;95.0％的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类切口手术预防用药时间＞2 d.结论 围手术期抗菌药物预防性应用存在诸多不合理、不规范的问题,亟待加强合理用药的管理及宣传培训.     

基层医院手术患者抗菌药物的应用及成本分析

目的 了解基层医院手术患者抗菌药物的使用情况，规范手术医师正确使用抗菌药物，降低医疗成本。方法 医院感染管理专职人员调查所在医院2004年9月份的手术患者抗菌药物应用情况，按调查表格内容逐一填写。结果 调查11所医院1383例手术患者，抗菌药物使用率98．63％，预防用药占86．50％，治疗用药占13．50％；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类手术平均使用抗菌药物的时间分别是6．90、7．00、6．60d，术后应用一种和二联、三联抗菌药物分别占29．90％、50．15％、18．70％，人均抗菌药物费用956．50元，占药品费用的47．60％。结论 预防应用抗菌药物范围大、用药时间延长、联合用药是造成抗菌药物应用成本高的主要原因。     

1 519例住院病人抗菌药物临床应用回顾性调查与分析

目的：了解医院抗菌药物合理使用情况，为完善医院抗菌药物应用管理提供依据。方法：回顾性调查该院2001年9月1519份出院病历，分析抗菌药物用药情况及存在问题。结果：1519份病历中，使用抗菌药物的1090份，占71．8％，其中预防性用药占66．1％，治疗性用药占30．3％，无适应证用药占3．6％；用药不合理占30．3％，联合用药占50．5％，三联以上占10％，四联以上占2．5％。结论：存在的主要问题：①预防用药指征过宽。②围手术期用药不规范。③联用用药不当。④禁忌证和慎用证错误用药。     

围手术期抗菌药物应用的调查研究

目的：了解手术患者围手术期抗菌药物应用现状及合理性。方法：对508例手术患者围手术期抗菌药物应用进行回顾性调查。结果：外科患者抗菌药物使用率97．44％，头孢菌素类抗菌药物使用频率最高，占38．04％，其次为青霉素类，硝基咪唑类，三者共占73．54％，医院感染率3．44％，预防性和治疗性平均用药天数5．6d和9.0d，预防性用药术前1－2h开始应用仅占14．24％；495例中使用单一抗菌药物者上48．08％，使用2种或3种占51．92％。结论：执行规范的围手术期抗菌药物使用原则非常重要。     

507例住院患者抗菌药物应用调查分析

目的 了解医院抗菌药物应用情况，以指导临床合理用药。方法 随机抽取507份住院病历进行回顾性调查。结果 507份病历中有360例病例应用了抗菌药物，应用率为71．01％；治疗用药占41．39％，预防用药占58．61％。居前五位的抗菌药物依次为青霉素类39．07％，喹诺酮类16．89％，头孢菌素类14．24％，大环内酯类14．24％，氨基糖苷类7．00％。结论 必须加强对抗菌药物的管理，合理使用搅菌药物。     

医院抗菌药物合理应用的研究

目的 探讨和研究我院抗菌药物合理应用管理。方法 调查核实2000年1月～2001年6月期间全院出院病历6086份，每半年对抗茵药物应用率、平均用药天数、联合用药情况进行调查，共调查3次。结果 2000年1月～2001年6月期间抗茵药物应用率降低了5．6％，平均用药天数减少了2d，单用率降低11．2％，三联率降低5．7％。结论 进一步加强抗菌药物合理应用管理。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.