Antiviral Susceptibility of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Poultry,Vietnam, 2009–2011

We assessed drug susceptibilities of 125 avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam during 2009–2011. Of 25 clade 1.1 viruses, all possessed a marker of resistance to M2 blockers amantadine and rimantadine; 24 were inhibited by neuraminidase inhibitors. One clade 1.1 virus contained the R430W neuraminidase gene and reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, zanamivir, and laninamivir 12-, 73-, and 29-fold, respectively. Three of 30 clade 2.3.4 viruses contained a I223T mutation and showed 7-fold reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. One of 70 clade 2.3.2.1 viruses had the H275Y marker of oseltamivir resistance and exhibited highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and peramivir; antiviral agents DAS181 and favipiravir inhibited H275Y mutant virus replication in MDCK-SIAT1 cells. Replicative fitness of the H275Y mutant virus was comparable to that of wildtype virus. These findings highlight the role of drug susceptibility monitoring of H5N1 subtype viruses circulating among birds to inform antiviral stockpiling decisions for pandemic preparedness.     

湖北省大流行期和流行后期新甲型H1N1流感病毒基因特性分析

目的 了解湖北省大流行期和流行后期新甲型H1N1流感病毒在流行分布、基因进化、抗原表位和耐药位点等方面的差异情况。方法 对2009-2014年湖北省大流行期和流行后期新甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶的系统进化树、进化速率和氨基酸突变位点进行对比分析。结果 大流行期病毒核酸阳性率大于流行后期,但大流行期病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因进化速率均小于流行后期,且神经氨酸酶进化速率在两个时期都大于血凝素。血凝素抗原表位突变位点K163Q、A186T、S185T和S203T在大流行期与流行后期病毒的分布数和位置存在不同偏嗜,流行期鲜有的H275Y耐药位点在流行后期的三株病毒中被发现。结论 流行后期的新甲型H1N1流感病毒进化速率不断提高,抗原表位和神经氨酸酶抑制剂耐药位点不断积累,防控工作愈加严峻,需进一步加强该病毒基因特性和耐药分析的监测。     

Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza Virus A (H1N1), Europe, 2007�C08 Season

In Europe, the 2007–08 winter season was dominated by influenza virus A (H1N1) circulation through week 7, followed by influenza B virus from week 8 onward. Oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses A (H1N1) (ORVs) with H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase emerged independently of drug use. By country, the proportion of ORVs ranged from 0% to 68%, with the highest proportion in Norway. The average weighted prevalence of ORVs across Europe increased gradually over time, from near 0 in week 40 of 2007 to 56% in week 19 of 2008 (mean 20%). Neuraminidase genes of ORVs possessing the H275Y substitution formed a homogeneous subgroup closely related to, but distinguishable from, those of oseltamivir-sensitive influenza viruses A (H1N1). Minor variants of ORVs emerged independently, indicating multiclonal ORVs. Overall, the clinical effect of ORVs in Europe, measured by influenza-like illness or acute respiratory infection, was unremarkable and consistent with normal seasonal activity.     

Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses,United States, 2013–14

We report characteristics of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and patients infected with these viruses in the United States. During 2013–14, fifty-nine (1.2%) of 4,968 analyzed US influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses had the H275Y oseltamivir resistance–conferring neuraminidase substitution. Our results emphasize the need for local surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility among circulating influenza viruses.     

Incidence of antiviral drug resistance markers among human influenza A viruses in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005–2016

BackgroundTwo classes of antiviral drugs are available for influenza antiviral therapy: the adamantanes and the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). Due to the emergence of adamantane-resistant variants, the use of these drugs has been largely limited in the world. The NAIs became the drugs of choice for treatment of influenza A infections. However, amino acid substitutions in the NA protein might lead to reduced sensitivity to NAIs.MethodsThe frequency and distribution of matrix protein 2 (M2) and neuraminidase (NA) variants which confer resistance to antiviral drugs was investigated in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2016. A total of 314 M2 and 1209 NA protein sequences from influenza A/H1N1, A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, and A/H5N1 available in the public database were analyzed.ResultsEighty-six percent of the influenza A viruses detected in the EMR were resistant to adamantanes, among which, H3 strains exhibited the highest (95.32%) level of adamantane resistance. Approximately 98.51% (265/269) of influenza A/H1N1 and H3N2 resistant viruses had the S31N substitution in their M2 sequences. The V27A mutation was the only resistance marker found in A/H5N1 viruses and was detected at a frequency of 7.40% among the investigated viruses. Other resistant mutations L26F, A30T, G34E, and L38F were not detected in any of the variants. We found that 2.81% (n = 34) of the detected NA sequences from influenza A viruses possessed at least one NAI-resistant mutation and the vast majority of resistant viruses 79.41% (27/34) bear the H274Y mutation. The frequency of NAI-resistant viruses was 3.29% (24/729) for the H1N1pdm09, 10.64% (5/47) for the seasonal H1N1, and 4.06% (5/123) for H5N1 viruses. None of the H3N2 viruses analyzed during the study period were resistant to NAIs.ConclusionOur study reveals the emergence and spread of antiviral drug resistant influenza A viruses in the EMR and emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to maintain the effective use of the current antivirals.     

Mutations I117V and I117M and oseltamivir sensitivity of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses

Analysis of mutations I117V and I117M in the neuraminidase of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses showed that I117V confers a mild reduction in oseltamivir sensitivity and has a synergistic effect of further increasing resistance when combined with H275Y. Contrary to recent reports, the I117M mutation does not alter oseltamivir sensitivity.     

Oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, South Korea

To identify oseltamivir resistance, we analyzed neuraminidase H275Y mutations in samples from 10 patients infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in South Korea who had influenza that was refractory to antiviral treatment with this drug. A neuraminidase I117M mutation that might influence oseltamivir susceptibility was detected in sequential specimens from 1 patient.     

湖南省2006--2009年人感染高致病性禽流感病毒(H5N1)分子特征研究

目的 分析湖南省2006-2009年4例人感染高致病性禽流感病例感染病毒的可能来源、基因重配情况以及分子特征.方法 鸡胚分离核酸检测H5N1病毒阳性标本,获得高致病性H5N1病毒,对病毒进行全基因组序列测定,采用BLAST和MEGA4.0进行同源性比对、基因进化分析和各基因分子特征分析.结果 4株病毒的基因片段均为禽源,并未发现与人季节性流感病毒之间发生重配,且与当地禽类中分离的病毒高度同源.全基因组进化树分析显示,4株病毒在分支2.3.4中,2株为基因型V、2株为新的基因型.分子特征分析显示,4株病毒的血凝素(HA)分子裂解位点均为PLRERRKR/G,均出现A160T位点突变,神经氨酸酶(NA)分子49～68位均出现20个氨基酸(aa)缺失,非结构蛋白1(NSI)分子80～84位均出现5个aa的缺失.在HA分子大部分位点,4株病毒仍然表现出与禽类受体的亲和性,HN/1/09和HN/2/09出现可能使病毒对α-2,6连接的唾液酸人类受体的亲和性增强的T192I突变.HN/1/08的PB2基因出现增加小鼠致病力的D701N改变.耐药性基因片段分析显示,4株病毒对金刚烷胺和奥司他韦均敏感.结论 2006-2009年湖南省4株人感染高致病性禽流感病毒(H5N1)为禽源,但存在多种基因型,而且发生了部分位点的突变.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the possible origins,genetic re-assortment and molecular characterization of 4 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1)viruses isolated from humans in Hunan province,between 2006 and 2009,Methods H5N1 PCR test-positive specimens were inoculated in embryonated eggs while H5N1 virus was isolated and genomes sequenced.Genome homology and genetic molecular characterization were analyzed by BLAST and MEGA 4.0.Results All gene segments of the 4 viruses were avian in origin.No re-assortment was found between avian influenza A(H5N1)viruses and human seasonal influenza viruses.Virnses that isolated from domestic poultry shared high similarity with the 4 human viruses in gene homology.Data from the whole genome phylogenetic analysis showed that the 4 viruses were in clade 2.3.4,while 2 viruses belonged to genotype V,and another 2 were new genotypes.Results from molecular characterization showed that amino acid sequences of HA cleavage site of the 4 viruses were PLRERRKR/G.All 4 viruses had A160T mutation in HA,a 20 amino acid deletion in the neuraminidase(NA)stalk at position 49-68,and a 5 amino acid deletion in the non-structural protein 1(NS1).Most sites in the HA molecules showed that the viruses preferentially bound to avian influenza virus receptor.However,T192I mutation that might enhance the α2,6-linked sialic acid human influenza receptor binding had emerged in HN/1/09 and HN/2/09.D701N mutation of PB2 that increased the virulence in mice was found in HN/1/08.Analysis on drug resistance gene amino acid showed that all 4 viruses were sensitive to amantadine and oseltamivir.Conclusion Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1)viruses isolated from humans in Hunan province from 2006 to 2009 were avian in origin,and the 4 viruses belonged to different genotypes.Some mutations that related to virulence and receptor binding positions had emerged in some of the strains.     

2008—2009年南宁市人季节性H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶潜在的抗原位点和抑制剂耐药位点分析

目的了解2008—2009年南宁市人季节性H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的遗传进化特征,探讨NA基因潜在的抗原位点和活性位点(抑制剂耐药性位点)变异规律。方法提取2008—2009年20株H1N1流感病毒RNA,采用RT-PCR扩增病毒NA基因后进行序列测定,通过CTLPred软件预测NA基因上潜在的抗原位点,并对NA分子进化和其重要功能位点的遗传变异进行分析。结果将20株H1N1流感病毒毒株与北半球疫苗推荐株A/Solomon/3/2006和A/Bris-bane/59/2007构建进化树,NA进化树共分成3个类群,10株2008年H1N1流感病毒毒株聚集成分支Ⅱ,10株2009年毒株与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007聚集成分支Ⅰ,A/Solomon/3/2006则独立形成1个分支(Ⅲ)。2008年毒株抗原位点替换频率较高,相对于A/Solomon/3/2006氨基酸替换分布在不同的3个区域的3个位点,分别是N64H、Y100H、L367I;2009年度的毒株抗原决定簇位点相对保守。在已知NA的酶活性位点中,2009年所有毒株均在275位点发生了H>Y的突变,而这种变异在2008年的毒株中未有出现。结论 A/Solomon/3/2006落后于2008年毒株,A/Brisbane/59/2007对应的疫苗在2009年能起到较好的保护作用;大量H275Y耐药株的出现提示在流感病毒监测中应密切关注其耐药位点的变异。