环境镉污染重点地区土壤及食物镉含量调查

目的了解广西环境镉污染重点地区土壤及食物镉含量水平。方法于2014—2015年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区,采集183件土壤样品和971件地产食物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定镉含量。结果污染区和对照区土壤镉合格率分别为0.0%和16.7%。污染区农田、菜地土壤镉含量的中位数分别为2.31 mg/kg(范围为0.84~13.50 mg/kg)和4.04 mg/kg(范围为0.34~82.80 mg/kg),对照区农田、菜地土壤镉含量的中位数分别为0.61 mg/kg(范围为0.20~0.92 mg/kg)和0.83 mg/kg(范围为0.18~1.38 mg/kg)。污染区土壤镉含量高于对照区,合格率低于对照区,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。污染区食物镉合格率66.9%,对照区食物镉合格率83.2%。以大米的镉含量最高,污染区大米镉合格率仅为25.5%。结论污染区土壤镉污染严重,由此造成的食物镉污染对人体健康存在潜在影响。     

南方某市2012年市售大米镉污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的了解南方某市市场大米中镉污染状况,评价居民食用大米摄入镉情况。方法随机采集该市各区县超市和农贸市场出售的大米,用石墨炉原子吸收法检测镉含量;用人均月摄入大米量和平均体重估算米镉月摄入量占暂定每月允许摄入量(PTMI)的比重。结果 100份大米中,镉含量均值为0.19mg/kg,超标率46.0%;地产大米镉含量和超标率最高(P50=0.23,P90=0.35mg/kg,61.4%);外省产最低(P50=0.13,P90=0.22mg/kg,16.1%)。估算居民每月通过大米摄入镉为19.9μg/kg·BW。结论该市市售大米镉污染较普遍,镉含量偏高,应加强监测,控制污染。     

湘潭某煤矿地区大米中镉污染调查及影响因素分析

目的了解湘潭某煤矿地区2013年、2015年和2017年本地产大米中镉浓度水平及污染状况,分析其影响因素。方法分别采集湘潭某煤矿地区2013年、2015年和2017年本地产大米样品140份、145份和140份,利用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法检测镉含量,采用K-W检验和χ~2检验进行统计学分析。结果所有样品镉平均浓度为0.278 mg/kg,合格率为42.4%,2013年、2015年和2017年大米镉浓度均值分别为0.305 mg/kg、0.286 mg/kg和0.245 mg/kg,检测值分别为0.012 mg/kg～0.886 mg/kg、未检出～0.768 mg/kg和未检出～0.587 mg/kg,检出率分别为100.0%、97.8%和95.0%,超标率分别为67.5%、62.2%和42.5%。结论湘潭某煤矿地区本地产大米镉污染较为严重,煤矿采挖可能是其重要的影响因素之一,建议政府有关部门采取有效措施,降低或消除环境镉污染现状。     

昆明市售大米中镉含量调查分析

目的:调查昆明市场大米中镉污染水平。方法:检测方法参照GB/T 5009.15-2003《食品卫生检验方法理化部分食品中镉的测定方法》测定。结果:52份大米样品检测结果:最高0.14 mg/kg,最低0.0065mg/kg,均值0.046 mg/kg。结论:昆明市售大米镉含量处于安全摄入水平。     

2013年广东省罗定市本地产大米中镉含量调查

目的了解广东省罗定市2013年本地产大米中镉污染情况。方法采集2013年生产的全市21个乡镇有代表性的当地产大米样品105份,应用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法检测大米中镉含量,并做统计分析。结果 105份大米样品中镉含量范围为0.005~0.156 mg/kg,平均值0.033 mg/kg,检出率86.7%,超标率为0。结论罗定市大米镉含量在安全摄入水平。     

广州市部分市售大米铅镉污染状况调查及健康风险评价

目的调查广州市市售大米铅镉污染状况及对人体健康危害的风险评价,为广州市食品质量监测管理提供依据。方法在广州市8个区的市场采集不同品牌、不同产地的袋装或散装样品200份,其中省内种植的大米及省外种植的大米样品各100份,用石墨炉原子分光光度法测定铅镉元素的含量,采用健康风险模型评价法对样品中大米重金属铅镉元素的含量进行评价。结果采集的200份市售大米样品中铅含量均值为0.071 6 mg/kg,超标率为7.5%(15/200);镉含量均值为0.120 3 mg/kg,超标率为2.5%(5/200)。大米中铅的健康危害个人终身风险指数为3.61×10-2,镉的健康危害个人终身风险指数为1.39×10-6。结论广州市部分市售大米中的铅和镉对人体健康威胁均属低于轻度。     

泉州市食品镉污染调查分析

目的 调查食物中镉污染现状,为干预和控制提供依据.方法 在农贸市场和超市共采集样品250份,用GB/T 5009-2003方法检测.结果 30份猪肉样品镉含量均低于限量标准(禽畜肉类≤0.1 mg/kg;禽畜肝脏≤0.5 mg/kg;禽畜肾脏≤1.0 mg/kg),且猪肉＜猪肝＜猪肾,2011年猪肾中镉含量比2004年低59倍;71份贝类镉含量均值0.299mg/kg;39份豆类和63份鱼类样品均≤0.050 mg/kg;47份大米样品含量＜0.010至＞0.20mg/kg.结论 集约化、配合饲料饲养,缩短饲养周期,是猪肾中镉含量降低的主要原因;环境污染是食品镉污染的主要来源,控制和治理刻不容缓.     

广西环境镉污染重点地区居民饮用水、食物和空气镉暴露量调查

目的 了解广西镉污染区饮用水、食用农产品和空气镉污染状况,对居民通过饮用水、食物和空气镉暴露水平进行评估。 方法 2014-2015年在广西污染区和对照区分别采集饮用水、食物和空气样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定法(ICP-MS)检测重金属镉指标,应用点评估方法计算居民环境镉暴露量,评价暴露风险。 结果 污染区和对照区饮用水镉含量中位数分别为0.000 25和0.000 05 mg/L,合格率均为100.0%,污染区饮用水镉含量高于对照区,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。污染区空气镉含量中位数为12.4 ng/m³,高于对照区的2.69 ng/m³,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);污染区食物中的大米、干豆类和蔬菜类镉含量中位数分别为0.389、0.216、0.052 mg/kg,均高于对照区(分别为0.119、0.161、0.025 mg/kg)。污染区和对照区调查对象每人每日从环境介质(饮水、食物和空气)摄入镉的暴露量分别为117.46、39.55 μg,其中食物镉摄入分别为116.77和39.41 μg,占比99%以上;每月膳食镉摄入量分别为61.78、20.85 μg/(kg·BW),每月通过膳食摄入镉的量分别是PTMI的2.47、0.83倍。 结论 广西污染区食物镉暴露对人群健康存在潜在影响。     

广西环境镉污染地区人群健康影响评估

目的 建立环境镉污染人群健康影响评估技术,评价环境镉污染区居民健康风险及健康危害水平,为政府制定相关防治对策提供科学依据.方法 于2014—2015年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区.采集18~75岁常住居民尿液及其家中粮食、蔬菜等食物及饮用水和调查村空气样本,检测样本中镉的含量及尿β2-MG、NAG,应用点评估方法计算居民环境镉暴露量,评价暴露风险和健康危害水平.结果 污染区食物(n=625)中的大米、干豆和蔬菜镉含量中位数分别为0.389 mg/kg、0.216 mg/kg、0.052 mg/kg,均高于对照区;污染区饮用水和空气中的镉含量的中位数分别为0.54μg/L、0.19μg/m3,也高于对照区.居民环境镉暴露主要来源于膳食摄入(约占99%),每月膳食镉摄入量污染区为61.8μg/kg bw、占PTMI的247.31%,对照区为20.9μg/kg bw、占PTMI的83.41%.污染区居民尿镉负荷(平均值4.58μg/g肌酐、中位数3.46μg/g肌酐)和NAG活性(中位数2.18 U/g肌酐)均高于对照区,但未发现尿镉、尿β2-MG含量和NAG活性这三项健康危害指标同时达到判定值的个体,即研究地区未出现镉污染所致慢性早期健康危害的个体.结论 广西环境镉污染区人群健康危害水平处于相对低的状态,但应持续关注居民尿镉高负荷和大米等食物镉富集对人群健康的影响.     

某市大米镉污染状况调查

目的了解某市大米中镉污染现状,为开展食品中镉暴露风险评估提供参考依据。方法 2011年9月、2012年9月分别在所辖9个县(市、区)采集非工业园区农户自产大米414份、工业园区农户自产大米360份及流通市场大米100份,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定其镉含量,采用秩和检验和χ2检验进行统计学分析。结果非工业园区农户自产大米、工业园区农户自产大米及流通市场大米的镉含量平均值分别为0.15mg/kg、0.24mg/kg、0.19mg/kg,镉超标率分别为29.23%、41.67%、46.00%。结论该市各县(市、区)大米均有不同程度镉污染,其中工业园区大米中镉污染更严重,应进一步加强监测,控制污染,保障人群的健康。     

Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase isoenzymes as biomarker of renal dysfunction caused by cadmium in a general population.

N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and its isoenzymes in urine have been studied in a population group residing in a polluted area in China. The area studied was contaminated by industrial wastewater from a nearby smelter that discharged cadmium-polluted wastewater into a river used for the irrigation of rice fields. Cadmium concentrations in rice were 3.70, 0.51, and 0.07 mg/kg for the highly and moderately polluted areas and the control area, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in urine exceeded 5 microgram/liter in the majority of subjects in the most highly polluted area. There was a marked dose-dependent increase in NAG and NAG B content of urine related both to urinary cadmium and to the calculated cadmium uptake. It is concluded that urinary NAG and its isoenzymes could serve as a sensitive biomarker of renal dysfunction in cadmium-exposed populations. The mechanisms underlying the increase in NAG and its isoenzymes after cadmium exposure need to be studied further.     

Significance of urinary cadmium concentration as an indicator of cadmium exposure in a population exposed to cadmium in a general environment

Study was made on the significance of urinary cadmium concentration as an indicator of internal dose in a general environment polluted by cadmium. As an index of external dose, the mean rice cadmium concentration in each of 23 villages was employed. Morning urine samples were collected from 3,178 inhabitants of 23 cadmium-polluted villages of Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture and 294 inhabitants of two nonpolluted villages. Cadmium concentration in urine was determined. In addition, their residential history and intake of cadmium-polluted rice were obtained. All the subjects were 50 years of age or over. Participation rates were 91% for the polluted area and 94% for the nonpolluted area. Urinary cadmium concentrations were higher in the inhabitants of the cadmium-polluted area than in those of the nonpolluted area. Among the inhabitants in the cadmium-polluted area, urinary cadmium concentrations were higher in the subjects who had consumed cadmium polluted rice than in those who had not. The mean urinary cadmium concentrations in each village increased proportionally to increase in mean village rice cadmium concentration (intensity of exposure) when the inhabitants were classified according to period of residence at their present address. The mean urinary cadmium concentrations in each village were also significantly correlated with period of residence at the present address (duration of exposure) when the inhabitants were classified according to mean rice cadmium concentration of their village. It is concluded that urinary cadmium concentration mainly reflects the body burden of cadmium in a general environment polluted by cadmium.     

公路沿线动物源产品铅镉污染水平检测

目的 研究公路沿线动物源产品铅镉污染状况与相关因素.方法 选择福建省龙岩市境内319国道沿线的动物源产品为研究对象,依据国标方法检测铅镉含量.结果 污染区7种动物源产品的铅镉含量分别为0.002 5～0.068 6和0.000 05～0.005 22 mg/kg,总平均含量分别为0.022 70和0.001 37 mg/kg,分别是对照区的3.15和5.48倍;不同品种的鸭肉铅镉含量不同,依次为红脸鸭肉>水鸭肉>土番鸭肉;铅镉在动物体内不同组织的分布不均衡,鸡骨、鸭骨、兔骨的铅含量分别是鸡肉、鸭肉、兔肉的130.28,353.48,139.68倍;鸭骨、兔肾的镉含量分别是鸭肉、兔肉的17.40和2 641.06倍;不同饲养方式、饲养场所与公路边不同距离与动物的铅镉含量无明显关系.结论 公路沿线动物源产品已受到不同程度的铅镉污染,其含量与禽畜的品种和部位密切相关.     

镉污染区居民疾病死亡谱分析

目的 研究长期镉污染对居民健康状况的影响。方法 对镉污染地区的6个自然村作了5年死亡情况的回顾调查。结果 镉污染区婴儿死亡率和早产发生率偏高；污染区居民疾病死亡谱与福建省山区不同，也与同县的非污染区不同；恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统病、消化系统病及新生儿病的标化死亡率均高于非污染区。结论 污染区居民的健康已经受到镉污染的影响。     

南方某市2011年水稻中铅镉污染状况调查

目的 了解南方某市水稻中铅、镉污染状况,进行风险预警.方法 按照2011年国家食品安全风险监测计划的要求,随机采集市辖9个区县市的农户自产水稻,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测铅、镉指标.结果 在414份水稻中,铅、镉检出率分别为81.9％和99.8％,平均值为0.079和0.154 mg/kg,与国标比较,铅、镉超标率分别为3.1％和29.2％.结论 该市水稻均有不同程度铅、镉污染,其中镉的污染更广泛,应进一步加强监测,控制污染,保障健康.     

2012年广东省市售大米镉含量调查及初步膳食暴露评估

目的了解广东省市售大米镉含量水平,并对广东省居民来源于大米的镉膳食暴露情况进行初步评估。方法于2012年按照简单随机抽样方法确定样本量,采样范围覆盖全省21个地级市和顺德区,每个地市（区）采集30～50份大米,其中每个地市（区）的采样点包括1个中心城区、2个具有代表性的县城区及其下属各1～2个乡镇,每个采样点在市场、超市、商店、专卖店中随机选择2个以上经营单位采集样品;采集的大米样品依据GB/T 5009.15—2003《食品中镉的测定》方法测定镉含量;采用2002年广东省居民膳食营养与健康状况监测的大米消费量数据,分别计算不同年龄和性别人群对大米的一般消费（P50）和高消费（P97.5）水平下镉的膳食暴露情况。结果共采集广东省各地区市售大米样本1 060份,其镉含量范围为0.000 5～2.100 0 mg/kg,中位数为0.078 0 mg/kg,其中48份大米镉含量超过国家标准（0.2 mg/kg）,总体超标率为4.5%;大米镉含量的中位数和超标率在22个地级市（区）间差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）,以粤北韶关地区的大米镉含量最高,其中位数为0.188 0 mg/kg,超标率为42.0%（21/50）;城市和农村的大米镉含量中位数分别为0.075 0和0.083 0 mg/kg,城乡间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对于大米一般消费水平（每人每月大米消费量为9.68 kg）人群,其来自大米的镉膳食平均暴露量是12.59μg/（kg·bw）,为暂定每月耐受摄入量[PTMI,25μg/（kg·bw）]的0.50倍,但2～7岁年龄组人群大米镉暴露量则超出PTMI,达到26.07μg/（kg·bw）;对大米高消费水平（每人每月大米消费量为17.95 kg）而言,其平均镉膳食暴露量为23.34g/（kg·bw）,为PTMI的0.93倍。结论 2012年广东省流通市场的市售大米镉含量总体不高,但有一定比例的超标率（4.5%）,个别地区大米镉超标比较严重。从总体上看,广东省居民来源于大米的镉摄入水平是安全的,但需要关注少年儿童和大米高消费人群的潜在风险。     

Renal tubular dysfunction in male inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area in Toyama, Japan--an eleven-year follow-up study

An eleven-year follow-up study was carried out to elucidate the changes in the level of environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) from rice after soil replacement of polluted paddy fields and these effects on urinary excretion of Cd in male inhabitants of a Cd-polluted area in Toyama, Japan. In addition, the prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction (RTD) was examined to clarify the progress of Cd-induced RTD. One hundred and twenty-seven male inhabitants born between 1914 and 1929 in 11 districts of the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin and 31 reference subjects in 2 adjacent districts were examined twice in 1985-86 and 1996-97. The geometric means of Cd concentrations in polished rice (Cd-R) in the Cd-polluted areas were 0.18 ppm in 1985 and 0.21 ppm in 1986; these values were significantly higher than those of the reference areas (0.13 ppm in 1985 and 0.12 ppm in 1986). After 11 years, the Cd-R levels were significantly decreased to approximately half (0.08 ppm in 1996, 0.12 ppm in 1997) due to soil replacement of polluted paddy fields, which has been carried out since 1980. The mean Cd levels in urine (Cd-U) were significantly reduced from 7.9 and 9.5 microg/g creatinine in the initial study to 6.9 and 6.8 microg/g creatinine in the follow-up study. However, the prevalence of RTD, which was determined by urinary beta2-microglobulin exceeding 1 mg/g creatinine and urinary glucose exceeding 150 mg/g creatinine, increased from 18 and 23% in the 1985-86 study to 25 and 32% in the 1996-97 study, and a total of 12 new cases (12%) of RTD were found. Whereas, only one subject (4%) in the reference control areas was identified as RTD. Cd-induced RTD was prevalent, progressive and irreversible for male inhabitants of the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin, although the environmental exposure to Cd through rice was significantly reduced by soil replacement of polluted paddy fields.     

苏南农村地区土壤、大米和井水重金属污染现状

摘要:目的 了解苏南农村地区土壤、大米等重金属污染情况。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,在苏南农村东、南、西、北、中5个方位及市区采集环境及食物样品,用ICP-MS检测其中重金属含量。结果 18份土壤样品重金属Cd、As、Pb平均含量为（1.150±0.860）mg/kg,（46.232±40.313）mg/kg,（55.855±32.690）mg/kg,超标率分别达77.78%、38.89%和27.78%,Cr、Hg含量均低于限值;内梅罗污染指数评价显示,苏南农村土壤整体达轻度污染,其中2、5号点土壤达重污染,1号点达中污染,其余各点土壤重金属污染已处警戒范围。井水、大米中重金属低于GB5749-2006和GB2715-2005标准限量。结论 苏南农村地区井水、大米尚未受Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Hg 5种重金属污染,但土壤已不同程度受到Cd、As、Pb污染,Cd＞As＞Pb,应引起重视。     

石门雄黄矿地区居民砷暴露研究

目的：研究砷污染地区居民砷暴露水平的分布特征。方法：分析污染区和对照区环境样品和居民头发砷含量。结果：污染区三个村土壤砷含量８４．１７～２９６．１９ｍｇ／ｋｇ。河水砷含量达０．５～１４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，井水、自来水、食物含砷量一般符合国家卫生标准。砷摄入量１９５～１１２９μｇ／ｄ。居民头发砷含量中位数为０．９７２～２．４５９μｇ／ｇ。发砷值随年龄增加而增加。结论：石门雄黄矿附近地区河水砷污染严重，以河水为饮用水源的居民砷暴露水平达到甚至超过国内外重大慢性砷中毒案例的暴露水平，应引起重视