实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的关键问题探讨

探讨了基本医疗卫生服务的内涵,提出了基本人力、基本设施、基本药物、基本技术和基本服务规程等五个要素。另外,还介绍了建立卫生体制的基本共识和经验,并对我国建立基本医疗卫生制度提出了建议：增加公共筹资,控制个人支付比例;利用和发挥公立服务机构的作用;促进各类卫生筹资方式融合;促进财政投入政策和价格政策配合;公共投入优先支持和提供预防服务和基层卫生组织提供的初级诊疗服务;发展公立与私立机构、政府保障与商业健康保险之间的合作互补关系;构建精简统一效能的行政管理体制。     

基本医疗卫生服务筹资模式的国际比较与应用

通过文献综述的方法分析了国外基本医疗卫生服务筹资模式,总结归纳出四点经验:加强政府卫生立法和政治承诺,重视政治、经济和文化因素对筹资模式的影响,拓宽筹资渠道、调整筹资结构和建立长效筹资机制,合理划分中央和地方卫生支出责任,旨在为进一步研究我国基本医疗卫生服务筹资机制的建设提供借鉴。     

2005年中国卫生总费用测算结果与基本卫生服务筹资

概要描述了2005年我国卫生总费用的测算结果。2005年卫生总费用增速缓慢,政府卫生投入比例稳中有升,社会卫生支出比例持续回升,居民个人现金卫生支出所占比例保持近几年的下降趋势。还介绍了国内外卫生总费用口径和进行国际比较应注意的问题,并提供了按国际口径测算的我国卫生总费用结果。最后对我国基本卫生服务筹资机制与筹资模式进行探讨,提出我国基本卫生服务筹资应以税收筹资模式为主,依托现有卫生体系构建城镇居民的基本卫生保健制度。     

我国卫生筹资中的问题及其政策选择

通过对我国卫生筹资的研究,总结卫生费用筹集和分配中存在的问题,根据国际卫生筹资经验研究,顺应新医改要求,强化政府责任,健全卫生服务体系,有针对性地提出一些政策建议。     

2008年中国卫生总费用与卫生筹资战略

文章从基本卫生服务全民覆盖的政策目标出发,结合世界卫生组织关于"亚太地区卫生筹资战略(2010—2015)"的核心内容,利用卫生总费用政策分析工具,对我国卫生筹资及其变化趋势进行分析评价。在医药卫生体制改革和政策导向下,我国的卫生筹资战略调整取得了具有历史意义的重大成果。2008年卫生总费用结果显示我国公共筹资比重明显上升,居民个人现金卫生支出比重迅速下降,已经接近世界卫生组织在"亚太地区卫生筹资战略(2010—2015)"中提出的监测和评价标准。     

国际卫生改革经验对我国卫生体制改革的借鉴

通过对国际卫生改革经验的研究,作者建议,我国的基本卫生保健制度改革要立法先行;体现"公平优先、兼顾效率"的原则,确保人人享有公共卫生服务和基本医疗服务;基本卫生保健内容要与具体国情和财力相适应;正确认识政府和市场的作用,实现政府主导与市场机制的有效结合;做好卫生发展规划,发展社区卫生服务,建立健康"守门人"制度;建立社会化的老人照顾体系;拓宽卫生筹资渠道等。     

加拿大卫生改革现状、发展趋势及其对我国的启示

全民医疗保健制度是加拿大卫生体系乃至社会政策的核心,经济起伏下的筹资增减深刻影响到加拿大近二十年卫生发展历程,以公平、公正为基本价值观,构建低成本高效益卫生服务体系,为全民及时提供高质量卫生服务是加拿大卫生改革发展的基本趋势。本文介绍了上世纪后十年和本世纪初十年两阶段的加拿大卫生改革的背景、现状、特征、主题、内容、影响、经验和教训,并从公平、效率和长期性三方面阐述了对我国卫生改革发展的启示。     

北爱尔兰卫生体制改革概况

北爱尔兰在其社会经济背景下,针对不同历史时期卫生体制的具体问题实施了一系列重大改革.通过改革,在组织结构、公共服务计划和规范、卫生资源筹资、卫生人力资源、卫生保健服务提供、卫生法制与管理体制建设等领域取得了较大成效.对北爱尔兰卫生体制改革的回顾和分析有利于总结该国卫生体制改革的经验,为我国的卫生体制改革提供思考和借鉴.     

欧洲卫生改革：共识基础上的整体推进

基于WH0欧洲委员会“增加财富与增进健康的卫生系统——塔林宪章”的卫生改革框架,该文从卫生服务供给和卫生筹资2个方面系统介绍了欧洲国家近年来所实施的改革政策与措施。通过强调转变卫生服务模式,加强慢性病管理,提高卫生系统的反应性,改善卫生服务的质量,加强公共卫生、疾病预防和健康促进,以及加强卫生人力资源建设等关键措施来完善卫生服务供给模式;通过增加公共财政投入、建立多元化的筹资模式和风险分担机制、维护医保制度的稳定性、提高统筹基金的抗风险能力、采取卫生服务购买模式以及改变支付方式来加强政府卫生筹资。这些为我国深化卫生改革提供了许多可以借鉴和学习的经验。     

我国卫生资源的筹资模式和渠道

卫生资源的筹资实质是一个融资的过程．它包括公共筹资和个人筹资。公共筹资．主要指政府筹资．直接来自于政府税收（收入所得税、销售税、营业税等）：个人筹资，指个人缴纳的医疗保险费、个人或家庭为购买医疗服务和药品所支付的直接医疗费用。卫生资源的筹集是整个卫生服务过程的起点．在此基础上才能合理地配置和利用卫生资源。卫生筹资有广义和狭义之分．就广义而言．卫生筹资涉及3个主要方面：第一．卫生资金的筹集：第二．卫生资金在不同地区、人群、机构和医疗卫生服务之间的分配：第三，医疗卫生服务系统的支付机制。卫生筹资包括了从资金来源到分配．最后到受益方的全过程。从狭义上看．卫生筹资只包括卫生资金的筹集．     

海南省基本医疗卫生服务均等化分析

目的：了解海南省市县际间基本医疗卫生服务均等化现状,为促进全省基本医疗卫生服务均等化建设提供参考。方法：利用海南省、我国及经合组织国家等卫生统计数据,对海南省市县际间基本医疗卫生服务均等化指标进行分析。结果：资源分布均等化方面,机构地理可及性相差较大,医护比为1∶1.2,资源分布的基尼系数大于0.3;筹资均等化方面,人均医疗保健支出低于全国,人均政府卫生支出额高的市县主要集中在各区域的中心,多数市县新农合住院实际补偿比在50%左右;服务提供均等化方面,多数市县床位使用率低于90%,药费占比在30%～40%,地区之间孕产妇及儿童健康管理差距较小,但管理率普遍低于全国。结论：基本医疗卫生服务资源分布与政治、经济等条件有关,筹资机制不健全、基本医疗和公共卫生服务提供能力低影响了基本医疗卫生服务的质量。建议合理布局基本医疗卫生服务资源,加大卫生筹资力度,提高基本医疗卫生服务提供能力。     

Health care financing and utilization of maternal health services in developing countries

BACKGROUND: The Millennium Development Goals call for a 75% reduction in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015. Skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care, including Caesarean section, are two of the most important interventions to reduce maternal mortality. Although international pressure is rising to increase donor assistance for essential health services in developing countries, we know less about whether government or the private sector is more effective at financing these essential services in developing countries. METHODS: We conducted a cross-national analysis to determine the association between government versus private financing of health services and utilization of antenatal care, skilled birth attendants and Caesarean section in 42 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. We controlled for possible confounding effects of total per capita health spending and female literacy. FINDINGS: In multivariable analysis, adjusting for confounders, government health expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure is significantly associated with utilization of skilled birth attendants (P = 0.05) and Caesarean section (P = 0.01) but not antenatal care. Total health expenditure is also significantly associated with utilization of skilled birth attendants (P < 0.01) and Caesarean section (P < 0.01). DISCUSSION: Greater government participation in health financing and higher levels of health spending are associated with increased utilization of two maternal health services: skilled birth attendants and Caesarean section. While government financing is associated with better access to some essential maternal health services, greater absolute levels of health spending will be required if developing countries are to achieve the Millennium Development Goal on maternal mortality.     

发展中国家的医疗卫生服务体系

考察了发展中国家的卫生筹资和服务提供体系,并认为发展中国家需要扩大医疗保障覆盖面,需要重新关注初级卫生保健和公共卫生,只有这样才能不断完善其卫生体系。     

An analysis of three national health insurance proposals in Sub-Saharan Africa

The financing and/or provision of health insurance by government has a theoretical basis: it stems from market failure in the private health insurance market; and, from externalities in the consumption of health care by the poor. Government health insurance, or national health insurance (NHI) may be analysed by using five criteria: who are the beneficiaries?; efficiency effects; the equity of financing; the level of administrative costs; and, political acceptability. In the last five years, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Nigeria have each considered proposals for NHI. However, each proposal shows design flaws, when analysed in the light of the five criteria above. This article first considers types of health insurance in Sub-Saharan Africa, and why NHI, with cost recovery as an essential component, might be desirable. A following section present an outline of the NHI proposals in Ghana, Zimbabwe and Nigeria and points out the design flaws. A final section builds upon the theoretically-good aspects of the three proposals, and considers some alternate approaches to NHI that these three countries and other countries in the Sub-Sahara might want to consider.     

Community financing of drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

'Health for all by the year 2000' is unlikely to be achieved in a number of Third World countries, including those in Sub-Saharan Africa, if reliance is placed solely on the public health budget. This article looks at a range of alternative and additional sources of revenue and, in particular, at the scope for community financing of drugs. Developments in the region are reviewed for their insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each financing scheme; and, as a guide to shaping policies that make an appropriate choice of method of health care financing.     

卫生筹资体制的典型模式及其筹资的基本特征与启示

首先描述了国际上卫生筹资体制的三种典型模式；然后，选取卫生总费用的主要指标，对三类典型筹资体制国家进行定量分析，寻求普遍规律；最后，从研究方法和筹资政策上寻求借鉴和启示。     

Catastrophic payments for health care in Asia

Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are the principal means of financing health care throughout much of Asia. We estimate the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population. We focus on payments that are catastrophic, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources. Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal and Vietnam rely most heavily on OOP financing and have the highest incidence of catastrophic payments. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia stand out as low to middle income countries that have constrained both the OOP share of health financing and the catastrophic impact of direct payments. In most low/middle-income countries, the better-off are more likely to spend a large fraction of total household resources on health care. This may reflect the inability of the poorest of the poor to divert resources from other basic needs and possibly the protection of the poor from user charges offered in some countries. But in China, Kyrgyz and Vietnam, where there are no exemptions of the poor from charges, they are as, or even more, likely to incur catastrophic payments.     

2004年中国卫生总费用测算结果与卫生筹资分析

概要描述2004年我国卫生总费用测算结果。2004年卫生总费用增速缓慢,政府卫生投入比例稳中有升,社会卫生支出比重持续回升,居民个人现金卫生支出所占比重保持近2年的下降趋势。还就卫生筹资面临的主要问题和挑战,从公平性角度对我国及部分地区卫生资金筹集和卫生服务利用进行分析评价,并讨论与借鉴世界卫生组织提出的卫生筹资政策目标和卫生筹资策略。     

政府当前对公共卫生事业投入现状分析

目的:分析当前政府对公共卫生事业投入现状。方法:依据政府公共财政基本功能,与世界相关国家的政府投入现状比较,分析我国卫生事业费占财政支出比重状况及原因。结果:我国政府卫生投入状况不适应公共卫生发展需要。结论:政府财力相对匮乏,疾病谱改变使原有的经费更加紧张,应尽快解决这一状况。