低磷性佝偻病的分子生物学研究进展

佝偻病等骨矿物质丢失性疾病是世界范围内关注的健康问题，其发病可以是家族性的、自发性的、肿瘤 性的、饮食性的或内分泌性的。控制骨完整性的机制较为复杂，目前的研究热点为调节骨矿物质代谢的分子生物学机制，这将有助于该类疾病的诊治。     

太原地区健康儿童骨矿物质含量分析

通过γ-射线吸收法测量了太原地区健康儿童的骨矿物质含量,结果表明:骨矿物质含量是随年龄增长而升高的,同一年龄组男女之间的差别均无显著性。     

老年人要警惕骨质疏松

人的体形靠骨骼来支撑,骨主要是由有机质和矿物质构成。其中有机质是骨胶原,象混凝土框架中的钢筋一样,可增加骨的韧性。骨中的矿物质占到干燥骨重量的60％,是由一种叫做羟磷石灰结晶的含钙矿物质组成,可以提高骨的硬度,类似混凝土框架中的水泥。我们都知道儿童缺钙可患软骨病,主要是由于骨中含钙矿物质缺少的缘故。成年人尤其是老年女性骨骼中钙盐也可减少,但老年人在钙盐减少的     

钙缺乏对大鼠骨骼发育的影响及其机制探讨

在建立钙缺乏动物模型的基础上 ,利用骨形态计量学方法观察缺钙对生长期大鼠骨骼发育的影响 ,并通过测定血清有关激素的变化探讨其机制。组织形态学显示缺钙大鼠骨形成量减少 ,矿化能力降低 ,空间结构破坏 ;同时钙缺乏大鼠骨矿物质含量和骨密度均显著降低 ,血清甲状旁腺激素水平明显增高 ,降钙素水平显著降低 ;骨组织羟脯氨酸含量降低。提示钙缺乏通过影响骨骼矿物质含量、激素分泌以及有机质形成 ,使骨形态结构发生异常改变 ,最终导致骨骼发育障碍     

儿童骨密度及相关因素的研究进展

正骨密度是指单位组织器官内骨矿物质的含量,是一项敏感且特异地反映人体骨营养状况,评估骨钙含量、骨钙丢失率和疗效的重要客观指标[1]。儿童期是个体发育的第一个高峰期,在此期骨骼迅速增长、骨量累积,骨矿物质含量的检测对于儿童佝偻病诊断     

济南市7～13岁儿童骨矿物质含量及其影响因素分析

目的 ]分析济南市儿童骨矿物质含量及其影响因素 ,为儿童合理营养 ,促进发育、预防疾病提供依据。 [方法 ] 1998年采用SD -10 0 0型单光子骨矿物测量仪 ,检测了济南市山东医科大学附属小学与山东师范大学附属小学761名 7～ 13岁健康儿童 (其中正常体重儿童 65 6名 ,中度以上肥胖儿童 10 5名 )左前臂中上 1/3处桡骨和尺骨的骨矿物质含量线密度 (BMC)和面密度 (BMD) ,并测量了身高、体重、胸围、皮脂厚度、肺活量等 ,进行了多元逐步回归分析 ,并比较肥胖儿童与正常儿童桡骨BMD。 [结果 ]桡骨和尺骨的BMC与BMD均随年龄的增长而增加 ,各年龄组桡、尺骨骨矿物质含量BMC差异均有高度显著性。体重和体块指数 (BMI)与骨矿物质含量关系密切。肥胖组骨矿物质含量显著高于对照组。 [结论 ]济南市 7～ 13岁儿童骨发育状况良好 ,体重和体块指数是影响骨矿物质含量的主要因素。     

儿童骨密度的测定及其影响因素

骨密度又称骨矿密度(Bone mineral density,BMD),是单位面积的骨矿含量.就测量精度而言,面积骨矿密度并不逊色于体积骨矿密度.由于骨矿物质的主要成分是钙,所以BMD是评估骨钙含量、骨钙丢失率和疗效的重要客观指标.众多疾病和人体衰老过程均可影响骨钙代谢,引发骨矿物质含量的改变.     

青少年的骨量发育

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一种因骨矿物质减少和骨组织微观结构退化而引发的病症.目前,较普遍接受的OP定义是以骨矿物质和骨基质等比例减少,骨组织结构破坏为特征,并导致骨脆性和骨折危险性增加的疾患,也就是说:骨量减少、骨微细结构破坏、机械强度逐渐衰减导致骨折危险性增加.患有OP时,骨组织正常载荷能力下降,骨折危险度明显增加,且伴周身疼痛、体态变形等症状.骨质疏松症是老龄化社会中影响健康的一个重要问题.OP常在无声无息中发展,由于无常规的早期诊断方法,骨质疏松症正侵扰着全世界2亿多的人口[1.2].骨质疏松症发生机制复杂,成年后获得的峰值骨量水平和衰老过程中的骨量丢失速率对骨质疏松的发生具有决定性影响[3].     

骨质疏松性骨折的药物治疗

骨质疏松是一种以骨量减少和骨微细结构损耗退化为特征的疾病,患者发生骨折的可能性增加.用X射线吸光光度法测定健康青年白人妇女的正常的骨矿物质密度略低于标准值（＜1个标准差）.在流行病学研究的基础上,世界卫生组织将骨质疏松定义为对于健康青年白人妇女来说,骨矿物质密度（如髋、脊柱或腕部）低于标准值2.5个标准差或更多;同时将骨量减少定义为骨矿物质密度低于标准值1～2.5个标准差.     

不同钙摄入量的两地南方儿童骨矿物质含量

用单光子吸收仪测量５岁儿童（１１５名江门市儿童和１２８名香港儿童）桡骨远端１／３处骨矿物质含量（ＭＢＣ）。江门市和香港儿童钙平均摄入量分别为２４４±４６及５４２±３３２ｍｇ／ｄ。江门市儿童骨矿物质含量、体重和身高均明显低于香港儿童的相应数值，分别低１４％、１０％和４％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。经多元回归分析调整后，骨矿物质含量的地区差异仍是０．０３０３ｇ／ｃｍ。比较两地低钙摄入量的５岁儿童骨矿物质含量，江门市儿童骨矿物质含量同样明显低于香港儿童（Ｐ＜０．００３）。本研究结果提示，儿童骨矿物质含量的地区性差异可能与其长期钙摄入量和体力活幼不同有关     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.