河西学院学生营养与疾病知识认知水平调查

目的了解西部地方性大学学生对营养与疾病知识的认知现状，为大学生素质教育和营养与健康教育提供依据。方法采用匿名自填问卷方式，对整群随机抽取的各专业本科生1400名的基本特征、《中国居民膳食指南》的认知水平、营养与疾病的知识、态度以及膳食行为等项目进行调查。结果该人群对《中国居民膳食指南》知晓率较低（10．8％），低于中国营养学会对全国5省市不同职业人群调查结果（14．1％）；对营养与疾病的知识掌握较差，获取营养知识的态度基本端正，食物的消费模式还不能做到饮食多样化，但对社会上普遍流行的一些营养知识方面的偏见或误区发生率仍很高。结论调查的各专业本科生对营养与疾病知识的认知情况差别较大，还存在许多不足。为适应社会对大学生的认知要求，加强西部地方性大学学生的素质教育和营养与疾病知识教育势在必行。     

中学生的营养知识、态度和行为在营养教育前后的变化

目了 了解我国中学生对营养知识《中国居民膳食指南》的认知水平及对营养教育的态度，以及营养教育对他们膳食行为的影响，进一步探索营养教育在改善中学生的营养知识、态度和行为中的作用。方法 营养教育前后在目标人群中整群随机抽样并设置对照进行问卷调查，比较教育前后目标人群在营养知识、态度和行为（简称K－A－P）等方面的变化。结果 通过营养教育，中学生的营养知识，态度和行为发生了很大的变化。对《中国居民膳食指南》的知晓率从15．2％上升为91．9％，营养知识得分的良好率从16．4％上升到94．6％，对营养的态度良好率也从75．4％上升到85．8％，某些饮食行为如早餐的品种及饮奶的人数等都有一些改变。结论 营养教育对提高中学生的营养知识水平，改变他们不良的饮食行为等方面具有极为重要的作用。     

南京市消费者膳食指南相关营养知识知晓率调查

[目的]了解南京市消费者对2007年版《中国居民膳食指南》相关营养知识的知晓情况,为在南京市进行膳食指南宣教与效果评价提供依据。[方法]采用自制的调查问卷,以某大型连锁超市为平台,对537名消费者进行2007年版《中国居民膳食指南》及相关营养知识、态度和行为的调查。[结果]南京市超市消费者营养知识总体知晓率为50%左右,36%的被访者听说过中国居民膳食指南,34.3%的被访者听说过中国居民平衡膳食宝塔。被访者文化程度越高,营养知识的知晓率越高。[结论]消费者营养知识总体知晓率较低,获取相关知识的态度较为积极。在进行营养知识教育和中国居民膳食指南宣传时,应重点加强对文化程度较低群体的宣教工作。     

大同大学医学院学生营养知识现状

目的探讨针对医学院校学生开展合理膳食宣传教育和干预的必要性，为健康教育提供依据。方法采用自行设计的营养知识问卷，对大同大学医学院一至三年级学生322名进行调查。结果学生的《中国居民膳食指南》知晓率为37．89％，其内容正确回答率为1．55％；《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》知晓率为18．63％，其内容正确回答率为2．17％。《中国居民膳食指南》知晓率在不同生源学生之间差别有统计学意义，城市学生知晓率（43．83％）高于农村学生（31．88％）。结论在医学院校学生中进行合理膳食宣传教育很有必要。     

膳食营养知识干预对家庭主妇知信行(K-A-P)的影响

目的 提高城市家庭主妇膳食营养知信行水平,探索其营养干预措施.方法 ①根据居民小区的地理分布,采用整群随即抽样的方法,对520名固原市原州区城市家庭主妇进行入户访谈式问卷调查.②对调查对象采取综合营养干预措施1个月后,重复进行营养知-信-行问卷调查.结果 ①干预后营养与食品卫生知识总知晓率提高了13.0％;提高最多的为对中国居民膳食指南和膳食宝塔的内容知晓率,对食物营养价值和营养素相关知识及疾病与膳食的关系的知晓率上升10％左右.②干预后调查对象在主动获取有关食物的营养和卫生安全方面知识的态度有了较大提高,对食物安全方面的要求较对食物的营养态度方面改变更大.③烹调习惯和饮食行为也有不同程度的改变.结论 本次对城市家庭主妇营养干预在知识和态度方面效果较显著,在行为改变方面不明显,在借鉴此方法进行营养知识健康教育的同时,尚需加强行为干预.     

2004～2011年成年居民《中国居民膳食指南》知晓率的变化及其对膳食的影响

目的了解我国成年居民2004~2011年对《中国居民膳食指南》及相关营养知识知晓情况的变化,分析知晓状况对于居民膳食及营养素摄入情况的影响。方法以2004~2011年"中国健康与营养调查"项目中18岁以上调查的资料作为研究对象,通过入户问卷面访及膳食调查了解成年居民对《中国居民膳食指南》知晓情况及其膳食状况,使用SPSS软件对数据库资料进行统计分析。结果我国9省区成年居民《中国居民膳食指南》的知晓率呈现增长的趋势,2004、2006、2009和2011年知晓率分别为7.8%、11.9%、14.6%和24.4%;2011年京沪渝三直辖市成年居民的膳食指南知晓率为40.8%,高于九省区成年居民;城市居民膳食指南知晓率显著高于农村居民;45岁以下人群指南知晓率显著高于中老年人群;膳食指南知晓人群的基本营养知识水平显著高于不知晓人群;膳食指南知晓人群水果、蛋类和奶类的每日消费量历年均显著高于不知晓人群,且蛋白质、维生素B2和钙的摄入量也显著高于不知晓人群。结论成年居民对《中国居民膳食指南》的知晓率呈现逐年增加的趋势,但整体仍处在一个较低的知晓水平;知晓《中国居民膳食指南》的人群在营养知识、膳食及营养素摄入等方面均优于不知晓的人群。     

河南省漯河市郾城区居民膳食指南相关营养知识知晓调查

目的了解河南省漯河市郾城区居民对《中国居民膳食指南》相关营养知识的知晓情况,为有针对性地开展营养教育和干预指导提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取1250人进行膳食指南相关营养知识、饮食与疾病危险因素认知的问卷调查。结果居民营养知识总体及格率为60.5%,仅有2.6%居民了解平衡膳食宝塔的内容,营养知识知晓及格率存在城乡、文化程度、职业的差异,86.9%的被调查者意识到饮食与疾病的危险因素,大多数被调查对象愿意参加营养知识宣讲活动。结论河南省漯河市郾城区居民对营养知识知晓率不高,应加强《中国居民膳食指南》和《平衡膳食宝塔》相关知识的宣传力度。     

营养科学宣传前后某社区居民营养知识、态度及饮食行为状况调查

目的通过对某社区居民干预前后营养知识、态度及饮食行为的调查,了解居民营养状况的同时,为下一步有针对性地开展营养知识的普及宣传工作奠定基础。方法采用调查问卷的方法,宣传前后统一问卷内容,对某社区的450名居民进行营养知识宣传前后的问卷调查结果对照,得出营养学知识掌握、认识态度和膳食行为的改变率。结果社区居民掌握营养基础知识知晓率在干预前是25．2％,通过宣传教育后有了显著地提高,达到90．2％;对营养膳食态度的改变情况干预后提高了21．6％;营养膳食行为方面干预前后分别53．3％和79．2％。结论通过在社区开展营养知识宣传教育后,大多数居民对营养学知识知晓率、膳食态度和营养饮食行为有了很大的改观,但仍有部分居民不能完全按照营养学来科学的进行膳食。还需要进一步加大力度,采取多种宣传方式普及全民营养学知识,提高全民营养学观念,树立良好饮食行为,让广大居民意识到合理营养膳食和减少慢性病的直接关系。     

大理学院高护专业学生营养与疾病知识的认知水平

目的了解护理专业本科生对营养与疾病知识的认知现状,为今后的营养健康教育提供依据.方法采用匿名自填问卷方式,对整群随机抽取的护理专业本科学生200名的基本特征、<中国居民膳食指南>的认知水平、营养与疾病的知识、态度以及膳食行为等项目进行调查.结果该人群对<中国居民膳食指南>知晓率较高(66.0%),明显高于中国营养学会对全国5省市不同职业人群调查结果(14.1%);对营养与疾病知识掌握较好,且获取营养知识的态度端正,食物的消费模式基本做到了饮食多样化,但对社会上普遍流行的一些营养知识方面的偏见或误区发生率仍很高.结论调查的护理专业本科生对营养与疾病知识的认知情况较好,但也还存在许多不足.为适应社会对护理专业本科学生的需求,加强营养与疾病知识教育势在必行.     

上海市嘉定区社区居民和学生合理营养知识健康教育干预效果评估

目的 了解上海市嘉定区居民和学生合理营养知识的知晓水平，找出重点干预内容，评价健康教育干预效果。方法 根据系统抽样与简单随机抽样相结合的方法，分别于干预前、后在嘉定区所有的14个镇、街道各随机选择1个居委（村）、1所学校（小学或中学），随机抽取部分人群进行问卷调查；健康教育采取点、面结合，广泛宣传的方式。结果 基线调查结果显示居民和学生合理营养知识总知晓率达到80．2％，其中大多数有关合理营养的基础知识和相关知识、中国居民膳食指南和平衡膳食宝塔知识的知晓率均超过50％，但对合理膳食和营养不良的概念等部分知识的知晓率较低；干预后调查对象在平均得分、总知晓率和各类知识的知晓率上均有显著提高，总知晓率达到88．5％。结论 合理营养知识健康教育效果明显，但要真正改变人们的饮食行为，实现由知识的获得、态度的转变到行为实践的飞跃，仍需要进行长期广泛而持续的营养教育工作。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.