卵巢癌早期营养支持对前白蛋白等影响的初步观察

目的 探讨卵巢癌早期应用肠外（PN）与肠内（EN）联合营养支持的临床有效性。方法 38例卵巢癌患者随机分为肠外、肠内联合营养组（PN—EN组）和对照组。两组采用不同方式营养给予，PN-EN组由短期肠外营养逐渐过渡为肠内营养，对照组采用常规糖、盐水输液。测定术前、术后2周营养指标：血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、体重。观察术后胃肠功能恢复及术后并发症等情况。结果 PN-EN组在术后2周测定的血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、体重均明显高于对照组（P〈0．001，P〈0．05）。PN-EN组胃肠功能恢复时间及住院天数较对照组明显缩短，手术后并发症低于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．001）。结论 卵巢癌患者早期给予肠外与肠内营养，符合人体生理要求、安全可行，对机体营养状况有明显改善，是卵巢癌手术后患者首选的合理营养支持方式。     

肠内肠外营养在胃癌病人术后临床价值的分析

目的:探讨胃癌病人术后给予肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)在临床应用价值方面的差异. 方法:回顾性分析200例胃癌病人术后经EN和PN支持治疗的效果.将胃癌术后病人根据营养支持治疗方式的不同分为EN组(130例)和PN组(70例).比较两组病人营养支持前、后血红蛋白、红细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、血清总蛋白、清蛋白、血肌酐、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血钙、IgA、IgG、IgM水平的变化以及各种并发症发生率、营养支持时间、营养支持平均每天费用及平均住院时间的差异. 结果:术后第7天,EN组病人的血红蛋白和红细胞计数明显升高,与PN组比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).血清总蛋白、清蛋白和IgA、IgG、IgM水平升高显著,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与PN相比,EN组在经7d营养支持后,白细胞计数、肌酐、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、血钙水平比较均无显著性差异(P ＞0.05);EN组术后切口感染和肠梗阻发生率均低于PN组,肛门排气时间和术后平均住院时间,平均住院费用均少于PN组. 结论:与PN支持比,EN可有效地改善胃癌术后病人的营养状态,提高机体免疫功能.     

胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方式的疗效比较

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后病人肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的临床疗效.方法:将71例在我院接受PD的病人随机分为EN组(n=36)和PN组(n=35).比较两组病人手术前后血肝功能相关指标、营养指标以及术后并发症的发生率、肛门排气时间、住院时间和营养支持费用的差异. 结果:两组病人术后血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)等均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),术后第12天降低更加明显(P＜0.01).而在术后第8和12天,EN组病人ALT、AST、TBil、DBil较PN组明显降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)均升高(P＜0.05);术后第12天EN组的血淋巴细胞计数(LY)明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).EN组病人较PN组术后平均住院时间缩短、肛门排气时间早、并发症发生率低、营养支持费用少(P＜0.05). 结论:PD术后EN支持能明显改善病人的营养状态,促进术后恢复,降低住院费用.     

老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的临床研究

目的:研究老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的安全性和合理性.方法:选择年龄60岁以上胃癌手术的26例病人,随机分为肠内营养(EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组,每组13例.检测手术前后人体测量学指标及血红蛋白(Hb)、血浆清蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TFN)和纤维连接蛋白(Fn),同时观察胃肠功能恢复情况.两组营养支持均为等热量.结果:术后两组病人的人体测量学指标和Hb、ALB差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05);术后第8 d病人均由负氮平衡转为正氮平衡;术后第4、8 d时,两组的Fn比术前明显升高(P＜0.05、P＜0.01),而且术后第8d时EN组的上升比PN组更明显(P＜0.05);肛门排气时间EN组比PN组早(P＜0.05).结论:老年人胃癌术后给予早期肠内营养支持,可促进病人胃肠功能的恢复和改善营养代谢.     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃癌术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:将72例胃癌病人随机分为EN组26例、PN组26例及常规输液(对照)组20例.术后24 h开始给予EN或PN,分别检测术前和术后第9天营养和免疫指标,并观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EN组和PN组术后体质量、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性意义;EN组、PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组胃肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P＜0.001).结论:早期肠内营养可明显改善胃癌术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

老年胃癌全切术后肠内营养与肠外营养的对比研究

目的 比较老年胃癌全胃切除术后早期肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的效果.方法 51例老年胃癌全胃切除手术患者术后随机分为PN组(n=25)和EN组(n=26).在营养支持前后检测氮平衡和营养指标,并观察两组患者住院时间和费用、肠道功能指标以及并发症发生情况.结果 两组患者营养支持后,血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白以及氮平衡4项指标升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者术后肛门排气时间、第一次排便时间、住院天数和日平均费用差异均有统计学意义,EN组显著低于PN组.两组患者术后无死亡或吻合口瘘等严重并发症.结论EN能更好的改善患者术后营养状况和肠道功能,并且花费较低,优于PN.     

老年人胃癌术后早期营养支持的临床研究

目的研究老年人胃癌术后早期肠内＋肠外营养支持的安全性和合理性。方法选择年龄60岁以上胃癌手术的68例病人，随机分为早期肠内＋肠外营养（EN＋PN）组（36例）和早期肠外营养（PN）组（32例）。检测营养支持前后营养指标、氮平衡，观察胃肠功能恢复情况、住院天数、营养支持费用及各种不良反应，术后并发症。结果术后两组病人之间的人体测量学指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但营养支持前后差异明显（P〈0．05）；术后第8d病人均由负氮平衡转为正氮平衡；肛门排气时间、住院天数、营养支持费用两组病人差异明显（P〈0．05）；观察期间均无严重并发症。结论老年人胃癌术后给予早期肠内＋肠外联合营养支持，应为首选。可促进病人胃肠功能的恢复、减少住院天数、改善营养代谢，较为经济。     

老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养对改善老年胃肿瘤病人术后的营养免疫状况及减少并发症的作用.方法:将84例老年胃肿瘤病人随机分为肠内营养(EN)组及肠外营养(PN)组,于术后24 h开始予以相同热量及氮量营养支持,分别观察营养支持前后的营养和免疫指标及术后并发症.结果:两组的营养及免疫指标于营养支持后明显改善(P＜0.05),免疫指标EN组较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组与PN组相比,明显促进病人术后胃肠道功能恢复,减少并发症的发生及住院费用.结论:老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养是一种安全、有效、简便、经济和理想的营养治疗方法.     

肠内营养在恶性阻塞性黄疸术后早期应用的临床效果观察

目的研究恶性阻塞性黄疸病人手术后早期肠内营养支持的效果与临床意义。方法 30例手术治疗的恶性阻塞性黄疸病人,随机分为术后早期肠内营养支持(EN)组和早期肠外营养支持(PN)组,对两组治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果两组病人术后CRP及IL-6均较术前升高。但EN组升高小于PN组。两组术后ALB、GGT及TBIL均较术前降低,但对于ALB和EN组降低小于PN组,组间差异显著。而对于GGT和TBIL,EN组降低大于PN组。EN组肛门排气时间明显早于PN组,且平均住院时间和治疗费用明显少于PN组。结论术后早期EN可以更安全、有效、经济地改善癌性阻塞性黄疸病人术后的肝功能,降低炎症反应,促进病人早期康复。     

食管贲门癌术后早期肠内与肠外营养的对比研究

目的观察食管贵门痛术后早期肠内与肠外营养的临床效果,探讨早期肠内营养对食管贲门癌患者术后的影响。方法将96例食管、贲门癌患者随机分为EN组和PN组,EN组给予肠内营养,PN组给予肠外营养,观察两组患者胃肠道功能恢复及不良反膻情况。结果EN组术后8天PA水平高于PN组;TBIL、GGT均低于PN组,组间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,mEN组术后肠蠕动恢复时间明显提前于PN组,住院时间明显短于PN组,营养支持费用明显少于PN纰,两组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;EN组并发症的发生率为10．42％,明显低于PN组的29．17％（P〈0．05）。结论食管贲门癌术后早期营养支持可有效改善机体营养状态,促进胃肠道功能恢复。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.