积极推进公立医院改革的关键举措——《“十二五”期间深化医药卫生体制改革规划暨实施方案》评述

《"十二五"期间深化医药卫生体制改革规划暨实施方案》明确积极推进公立医院改革是3个重点突破的领域之一。公立医院作为医疗服务供给的主要单位,其改革的成功与否,最终将直接关系到深化医药卫生体制改革的成败。文章指出规划更具操作性,在公立医院改革方面具有3个显著特点,并提出在具体实施中要处理好3个关系,即改革优先顺序的关系、职能与资源的关系、基础环境与改革的关系。     

卷首语

随着医药卫生体制改革的深入,公立医院改革逐步拉开了序幕.全国已有多个省市出台了有关公立医院改革的实施方案,北京市更是提出了"公益性、准公益性和营利性公立医院"的概念.     

公立医院改革中几个难点问题的思考

公立医院改革是医药卫生体制改革的重点和难点。虽然新医改明确了公立医院要回归公益性的改革方向,但在改革的具体操作上仍然存在一些困惑,这也是公立医院改革进展缓慢的重要原因。改革试点城市中的绝大部分将"改革公立医院管理体制和法人治理机制"作为切入点,认为管理体制改革是公立医院回归公益性的前提。事实上,导致公立医院公益性丧失的因素是多方面的,诸如公立医院医疗服务的"逐利"行为、大型公立医院对"分级而治"的抵制、大型公立医院的无限扩张等,而剖析和厘清这些因素形成的深层次原因,才是公立医院改革取得成功的基础。     

公立医院治理的制度选择

随着16个公立医院改革国家联系试点城市的确定，新一轮医疗体制改革进入深水区。公立医院管理体制改革的核心是完善公立医院治理机制。完善治理机制有助于理顺政府与公立医院的关系，能从治理的角度解决医院发展的动力问题，是公立医院改革试点成功的关键。     

公立医院管理体制改革目标与管办分离目的及本质

文献回顾和实地调查发现,政府职能转变与社会治理模式是政治体制改革的核心,重构公共政策框架,推进公共服务体系建设与政府职能转变是行政管理体制改革的核心目标.公立医院管理体制改革的目标模糊不清,公立医院管办分离改革的政策目标也模糊不清.公立医院管办分离的目的是改善政府对公立医院的治理结构与提高管理质量,而非改变公立医院的福利性质.公立医院管办分离的实质是重新调整卫生行政部门与公立医院的关系,建立现代管理模式.     

公立医院体制改革现状的分析和思考

在党的十六大提出的,坚持公有制为主体,探索多种经济成分并存,进一步加大事业单位体制改革力度的精神鼓舞下。公立医院的体制改革悄然兴起,众多公立医院正视自身存在问题,努力寻求和探索体制改革的途径和办法;民营资本纷纷看好医疗服务市场,跃跃欲试跻身于公立医院的改制之中,呈现出一片喜人的景象。经过一年多的实践,公立医院体制改革的现状和进展如何?遇到哪些困难和问题?公立医院体制改革在理论和实践中有哪些创新和突破?存在哪些障碍和困     

打造公立医院职业化管理队伍

当前,医药卫生体制改革不断深入,大型公立医院面临的竞争压力越来越大,在不断提高医疗技术和医疗质量的同时,大型公立医院必须向管理要绩效,医院管理人员职业化建设的重要性不言而喻,打造一支职业化、专业化的医院管理人员队伍成为当前公立医院管理体制改革的核心内容。"重技术轻管理"亟待改变近年来,国家进一步明确公立医院公益性定位,严格限制城市公立医院规模,着力打造分级诊疗体系。     

大型公立医院高级职称医师流动视角下的医师多点执业政策分析

医师多点执业作为医疗体制改革的一个着力点,有助于解决"看病难"问题。但医师多点执业政策落实效果并不理想,笔者试图从大型公立医院高级职称医师流动的视角,以广东某大型公立医院为例,针对属于优质医疗资源的高级职称医师执业选择进行分析,探讨医师多点执业难以推行的原因,进一步提出对策和建议。     

强化公立医院公益性的思考与建议

坚持公共医疗卫生公益性，是深化医药卫生体制改革的一条主线。公立医院是公共医疗卫生公益性表达的主要载体。其公益性的强弱直接关系到群众看病就医这个重大的民生问题。恢复和强化公立医院公益性，有待于深化医药卫生体制改革，强化政府责任，明确公立医院定位，完善医疗服务体系，规范公立医院的管理体制、投入机制、运行机制等。     

公立医院的双边市场属性分析

公立医院具有双边市场的主要特征,可以作为调整公立医院组织结构的基础。使用双边市场理论描述公立医院的组织特征,分析公立医院平台与医患双方的关系。医患双方的交叉网络外部性对公立医院的运作具有显著的影响。随着医药卫生体制改革特别是公立医院改革的深入,公立医院的双边市场属性将得到进一步凸显。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.