垃圾填埋场苍蝇防治技术的探讨

苍蝇是诸多垃圾填埋场难以解决的一大难题。一旦填埋运作开始,它们就拥向填埋场,在温度适宜(16～30℃)时以几何级数的增长速度繁殖,使填埋场成为苍蝇的世界。天子岭垃圾填埋场自1991年春末运行后,一时苍蝇四处横飞,作业区的蝇密度最高为每日每笼2180只,不仅不符合垃圾卫生填埋标准,也直接影响工作人员和附近居民的工作、生活环境。为此,我们自1992年开始着手探讨填埋场的苍蝇防治技术。1 关于苍蝇种类和季节消长的调查 我们根据填埋场的地形走势,在从东(皋亭山山脚)到西(320国道)纵深1000m的狭长山坞内,按功能区划分,分别在填埋作业区,填埋休息间,污水处理     

生活垃圾填埋场灭蝇研究

根据苍蝇的生理、生态习性，研究温度、湿度、照度对苍蝇活动的影响，从而采取相应的灭蝇手段控制垃圾填埋场的苍蝇密度。     

灭蝇技术在生活垃圾填埋场应用的研究

城市每天都会产生大量的生活垃圾 ,如不能得到及时和科学地处理 ,将成为苍蝇滋生、栖息的温床。在城市生活垃圾实施运输、填埋时 ,不可避免垃圾的部分和短期暴露 ,管理较差的地区垃圾填埋场完全暴露。垃圾填埋作业的日覆盖是杜绝苍蝇滋生繁殖的主要方法 ,药物防治是一种重要的辅助手段。掌握苍蝇栖息活动特点与规律 ,配以科学的灭蝇技术 ,才能以最少的药物和人力达到最有效控制和降低蝇密度的效果。1　填埋场苍蝇的来源及防制1.1　填埋场苍蝇来源　垃圾运输车及其他运输工具的携带源源不断。填埋区的生活垃圾是苍蝇的主要滋生地。1.2　防制…     

生活垃圾填埋场蝇类化学防治探讨

生活垃圾填埋场在对人类每天产生的大量生活垃圾实施填埋处理时,不可避免有部分垃圾短期裸露,从而为苍蝇的孳生和繁殖提供了温床.坚持当日覆土是杜绝苍蝇孳生繁殖的主要方法,同时喷洒药物讲行化学防治从而控制苍蝇密度也是一个重要的辅助手段.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场苍蝇密度的控制

宁波市铜盆浦垃圾填埋场通过对垃圾反复压实，及时覆盖、禁止拣废品，药物喷洒和引诱捕杀等措施，有效地控制了填埋场的苍蝇密度。     

生活垃圾填埋场灭蝇技术进展

在提出垃圾填埋场应在加强蝇类的源头控制和孳生地控制的基础上，结合蝇类生活习性合理选择灭蝇药剂、灭蝇时间、灭蝇器械开展生态灭蝇，使灭蝇工作、灭蝇方法更具科学性。同时强调填埋场还应因地制宜．根据所在区域具体条件建立完整的填埋场灭蝇工作计划和管理制度，力求从根本上解决生活垃圾填埋场的苍蝇问题。     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场苍蝇综合防治

在杭州市天子岭垃圾填埋场灭蝇工作的基础上,介绍了生活垃圾卫生填埋场苍蝇综合防治的经验.     

灭蝇缓释诱杀卡通片实验室灭蝇效果观察

20世纪80年代曾采用杀虫剂和苍蝇信息素以及含苍蝇喜食的糖制成灭蝇诱饵，在苍蝇较多的场所诱杀苍蝇，获得很好效果。但由于苍蝇引诱剂存在易潮解、不缓释、持续效果短，不能重复使用以及污染环境等缺点，特别是在宾馆、饭店等场所不易被接受。为此，近几年来，研制了缓释诱杀蝇药物卡通片，通过实验观察，具有较好的诱杀效果，持续灭蝇效果达15d以上，并具有美化环境，使用方便、安全等特点。     

生活垃圾填埋场蝇密度药物控制的研究

在掌握生活垃圾填埋场苍蝇的栖息活动规律的基础上，在灭蝇的最佳时间区域内使用低毒、高效的灭蝇药物与相匹配药械，以最少的经济费用获取最佳的灭蝇效果，能长期将蝇密度控制在国家标准范围内。     

生活垃圾填埋场环境监测技术要求标准介绍

GB／T18772-2002《生活垃圾填埋场环境监测技术要求》，从2002年1月1日起实施，该标准确立对城市生活垃圾填埋场环境监测技术的范围、内容和方法。其中包括：大气监测，填埋场气体监测，地下水监测，填埋场外排水监测，渗沥液监测，填埋物的物理性质监测，苍蝇密度等。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.