青岛市1990～2003年成人麻疹病例流行病学特征分析

青岛市 1990～ 2 0 0 3年共报告成人麻疹 2 30例 ,年平均报告发病率为 0 30 /10万 ( 0～ 1 17/10万 )。 1997年以前 ,成人麻疹呈散发 ,而 1998年以后发病明显增加 ,1998～ 2 0 0 3年年平均报告发病率为 0 6 0 /10万 ( 0 13/10万～1 17/10万 ) ,与 1990～ 1997年的年平均报告发病率 0 0 7/10万相比 ,上升了 7 5 7倍。发病高峰在每年的 3～ 5月。 71 31%的病例为 18～ 2 4岁 ,196 9年及以后出生人群的发病危险是 196 9年以前出生人群的 19 83倍。外来人口病例占总病例的 4 8 2 6 % ,外资和民营企业的工人 (占 4 4 35 % )、大学生 ( 14 78% )、农民 ( 11 74 % )等是成人麻疹发病的重点人群。外来人口发病是青岛市成人麻疹报告发病率升高的主要因素 ,无麻疹疫苗免疫史、免疫失败是导致成人麻疹发病增高的关键原因。     

德州市德城区城乡1990～2003年病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

[目的 ]进一步探讨肝炎的流行规律及流行因素 ,制定有效防治对策。 [方法 ]对德州市德城区 1990～ 2 0 0 3年肝炎有关资料进行分析。 [结果 ] 1990～ 2 0 0 3年年发病率为 19 2 2 /10万～ 10 6 92 /10万 ,年均 3 5 64 /10万 ;病死率为0 17%。 1990～ 1997年发病率逐年下降 ,1998～ 2 0 0 3年为波浪式上升。各型肝炎中 ,乙肝占 61 0 1% ,甲肝占 2 6 61% ;年均发病率城区为 5 2 5 6/10万 ,农村为 17 49/10万。 [结论 ]德州市德城区肝炎发病呈下降趋势 ,1990～ 1993年以甲肝为主 ,1994年后以乙肝为主。     

赣州市1990～2002年病毒性肝炎流行病学分析

为探讨赣州市病毒性肝炎 (肝炎 )的流行规律及流行因素 ,掌握肝炎的发病规律 ,为制定进一步防治策略提供科学依据 ,现对赣州市 1990～ 2 0 0 2年肝炎有关资料进行分析。1　资料来源肝炎发病资料来源于赣州市 1990～ 2 0 0 2年法定传染病订正年报表 ;人口资料来源于赣州市统计局。2　结果2 1　发病与死亡情况　 1990～ 2 0 0 2年合计报告肝炎4 7793例 ,死亡 10 6例 ,年均发病率为 4 8 5 7/ 10万 ,病死率为 0 2 2 %。年发病率最高的是 1991年 (5 9 4 8/10万 ) ,最低的是 1995年 (33 2 4 / 10万 )。见表 1。2 2　地区分布　 1990～ 2 0 0 2…     

合川市1990～2000年性病资料分析

目的 :通过性传播疾病 (STD,以下简称性病 )资料的分析 ,促使加强性病防治工作的力度 ,采取有效的防治措施 ,控制发病。方法 :收集合川市 1990～ 2 0 0 0年性病患者登记簿 ,月报、年报资料进行描述性分析。结果 :合川市 1990～ 2 0 0 0年性病共报告 9种 ,计 7993例 ,年均发病率为 4 8.37/ 10万 ,最高年发病为 1996年 ,发病率为 78.5 5 / 10万 ,最低为1990年 ,发病率为 10 .6 7/ 10万 ,发病以女性为主 ,男女之比为 1∶ 3.4 8,以青壮年 (15～ 5 0岁 )为主 ,占发病总数的 96 .17% ,以农民为主 ,占发病总数的 2 8.8%。工人占 2 1.6 2 % ,无业占 18.6 7%。结论 :该市应加大性病防治工作力度 ,积极宣传性病防治知识 ,提倡安全性行为 ,有效地自我保护 ,减少发病     

甘肃省1990～2000年炭疽流行状况分析

为了解甘肃省炭疽疫情的流行状况 ,现将 1990～ 2 0 0 0年炭疽发病情况分析如下。根据甘肃省 1990～ 2 0 0 0年订正后的传染病年报表显示 ,累计报告炭疽病例 6 2 6例 ,死亡 3例 ,年平均报告发病率为 0 .2 4 10万 ,死亡率为 0 .0 0 1 10万 ,病死率 0 .4 8%。临床分型 :皮肤炭疽 6 2 5例 ,占 99.84 % ,肺炭疽 1例 ,占 0 .16 %。1990～ 1995年炭疽发病顺位居甲乙类传染病第 10～ 12位之间 ;1996年以后由于法定甲乙类传染病病种的修改 ,其发病顺位降至第 14～ 16位之间。 3例死亡者分别发生于 1990年(临夏回族自治州 )、1993年 (甘南藏族自治州…     

乙肝疫苗加强免疫二年效果评价

目的 :研究儿童实施乙型肝炎疫苗 (乙肝疫苗 )加强接种 2年后血清及流行病学预防效果。方法 :在完成基础免疫 4年后对 4岁儿童、小学 2年级及初中 2年级学生加强接种 5μg基因工程乙肝疫苗 ,在该人群中随机抽取 5 181人作为实验组 ,同时选择未进行加强接种的 5 16 9人作为对照组 ,于 2年后采用 EL ISA法检测两组人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBs Ag) ,表面抗体 (抗 - HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体 (抗 - HBc) ,并观察防病效果。结果 :实验组抗 - HBs阳性率为 71.31% ,对照组为 5 8.5 9% (χ2 =12 .82 ,P<0 .0 1) ,实验组 HBs Ag阳性率为 3.5 6 % ,对照组为 7.0 4 % (χ2 =4 .5 6 ,P<0 .0 1) ,实验组抗 - HBc阳性率为 14 % ,对照组为 2 5 .2 8% (χ2 =14 .93,P<0 .0 1) ;观察期间实验组无病例 ,对照组发病 1例 ,保护率为10 0 % ;大规模人群加强接种前的 1997～ 1999年 15岁以下人群乙肝平均年报告发病率为 7.97/ 10万 ,加强接种后的 2 0 0 0～2 0 0 2年平均年报告发病率为 3.73/ 10万 (χ2 =10 .72 ,P<0 .0 1)。结论 :在初免 4年后即开展加强接种 ,对巩固基础免疫成果 ,进一步降低乙肝发病率有着十分重要的现实意义。     

烟台市新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种前后病毒性乙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的分析烟台市新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗免疫策略实施前后乙肝流行特征,为制定乙肝防控策略提供依据。方法收集烟台市医疗机构产科接种室和常规免疫接种报表,分析烟台市新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率;收集烟台市法定传染病报告系统和15岁以下乙肝监测系统报告的乙肝病例,分析乙肝流行特征。根据1992年、2006年、2014年全国乙肝血清流行病学调查方案,选择烟台市芝罘区、蓬莱市1～59岁人群为调查对象,检测乙肝血清标志物。结果烟台市自1992年实施新生儿乙肝疫苗接种以来,接种率稳步提升,从85.54%上升到99.00%以上,及时率维持97.19%～98.13%。15岁人群乙肝发病率下降最快,由1992年的18.72/10万下降到0.93/10万。0～岁年龄组、5～岁年龄组发病率分别下降了79.30%、78.53%。各年度0～岁年龄组发病率低于5～岁、10～岁年龄组发病率。急性乙肝发病率总体呈下降趋势,10岁以下发病率接近0的水平。15岁年龄组HBsAg阳性率由1990年的9.69%降至2014年的0.54%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=76.610,P0.01);15～59岁年龄组HBsAg阳性率由1990年的17.57%降至2014年的2.33%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=96.423,P0.01)。各年龄组Anti-HBc阳性率均呈上升趋势(χ~2=214.016,P0.01)。结论新生儿乙肝疫苗接种的规范实施取得了显著成效,烟台市乙肝呈现出高免疫、低感染、低发病的特征。     

1990-2002年四川省流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行病学分析

目的　了解四川省流脑流行特征 ,为巩固防治成果 ,进一步做好流脑防治工作提供科学依据。方法　采用描述性流行病学分析。结果　 1990 - 2 0 0 2年四川省累计发病 84 5 2例 ,年平均发病率为 0 79/ 10万 ,死亡 6 0 8人 ,病死率为 7 19% ,年平均死亡率 0 0 5 / 10万 ;全省 2 1个市州均有发病 ,年平均发病率居前 3位的地区分别是 :巴中市、遂宁市、绵阳市 ,其年平均发病率分别为 1 0 2 /10万、 1 0 0 / 10万、 0 93/ 10万 ;2～ 4月发病数占全年发病数的 5 6 6 2 % ,年龄组发病率居前 3位的是 5～ 9岁、 0～ 4岁、 15～ 19岁 ,分别为 2 2 4 / 10万、 1 76 / 10万、 1 0 0 / 10万 ;学生发病最多 ,占33 0 1% ,其次为学龄前儿童 ,占 32 6 0 % ;流行菌群以A群为主 ,B群、C群病例散在发生。结论　流脑发病呈高度散发 ,改变了流脑流行的周期性规律 ,发病仍具有明显的季节性 ,发病虽仍以 15岁以下人群为主 ,但发病年龄出现了明显高移 ,流行菌群趋于复杂     

1990～2001年山东省甲型病毒性肝炎流行情况分析

甲型病毒性肝炎 (甲肝 )是一种常见、多发的传染病。为了掌握甲肝流行规律 ,制定有效的防治措施 ,对山东省 1990～ 2 0 0 1年甲肝有关资料进行分析。1　资料来源1990～ 2 0 0 1年甲肝疫情资料来自山东省历年疫情报告 ,人口资料来自山东省统计局的人口统计分析。2　结果2 1　发病动态　 1990～ 2 0 0 1年山东省合计报告甲肝2 0 382 5例 ,死亡 6 9例 ,平均年发病率为 19 6 1/ 10万 ,病死率为 0 0 3% ,均为散发病例。甲肝发病数占同期病毒性肝炎发病总数 4 6 84 6 4例的 4 3 4 9%。甲肝发病率 1992年为 5 4 31/ 10万 ,此后呈下降趋势 ,2 0 0 …     

平顶山市1996～2001年传染病疫情特点分析

目的　了解传染病发生及变化规律。方法　收集 1996 - 2 0 0 1年历年人口资料、传染病报告卡进行汇总统计分析。传染病诊断按“《传染病防治法》规定管理的传染病诊断标准”。结果　 1996 - 2 0 0 1年共报告甲、乙类传染病 2 3种 4 84 31例 (霍乱 8例 ,乙类传染病共 4 84 2 3例。) ,累计发病率 981.89/10万 ,年均发病率为 16 3.6 5 /10万 ,1996 - 2 0 0 1年分别为 10 3.35 /10万、14 4 .2 2 /10万、176 .16 /10万、185 .5 2 /10万、16 1.71/10万、2 10 .76 /10万 ;共报告死亡 2 6例 ,病死率为 0 .0 5 % ,年均死亡率为 0 .11/10万。其中新生儿破伤风 (35 .4 8% ) ,AIDS(2 0 .0 0 % ) ,乙脑 (1.81% )病死率居前三位 ,三病死亡数占总死亡数的 80 .77%。发病率居前五位的是细菌性痢疾、乙肝、肺结核、新生儿破伤风、淋病 ,占总发病数的 88.2 4 % ;肠道传染病、呼吸道传染病、血液及性传播疾病、虫媒及自然疫源性疾病、新生儿破伤风发病构成分别为 35 .35 %、18.4 8%、4 1.15 %、1.5 9%、0 .0 6 % ;发病率市区高于县 (市 ) ;7- 8月为发病高峰 ;男性年均发病率是女性的 1.79倍 (X2 =5 4 8.92 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,各年龄组均有发病 ,呈双高峰型 ,0 - 9岁为第一高峰 ,30岁年龄组发病率达最高峰 ,10 - 6 5岁年龄组发?     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.