河南省腹泻婴幼儿隐孢子虫感染调查

本文报道在河南开封地区收集腹泻婴幼儿粪便483份,采用改良抗酸和沙黄——美蓝染色法染色确诊,共发现隐孢子虫卵囊阳性者12例,阳性率为2.48％。首次证实了河南省有隐孢子虫及隐孢子虫病的存在。本文还对病例的临床症状、治疗及流行情况作了探讨。     

隐孢子虫病研究进展

隐孢子虫是一类寄生于人和动物体内的肠道原虫，从粪便以卵囊形式排出体外。隐孢子虫存在于各种水体中，如地表水、地下水、过滤水、污染湖水、游泳池水等。隐孢子虫有多种，引起人类感染的主要是伯温隐孢子虫。介水性隐孢子虫病是由饮用含隐孢子虫卵囊的水所引起的以腹泻为主要症状的消化道传染病。目前，隐孢子虫病已被视为全球腹泻病中最常见的病因之一，且因其为艾滋病的常见并发症而引起重视。世界卫生组织和美国疾病预防控制中心均将该病列为新发传染病。现对其研究进展作一综述。     

水中隐孢子虫检测方法的研究进展

隐孢子虫病是一种全球性流行的人畜共患病。美国疾病控制和预防中心已经把隐孢子虫病作为一种新的传染性疾病加以防治。近年来因隐孢子虫污染水源而引发的隐孢子虫病曾多次爆发流行，已引起世界各国的高度重视，水中隐孢子虫卵囊的检测问题倍受关注。评估隐孢子虫病介水传播风险，不仅要检测隐孢子虫卵囊是否存在，而且要鉴定卵囊的活力。现将最新的检测技术研究进展作一综述。     

介水隐孢子虫病暴发流行与原因分析

美、英等国介水隐孢子虫病的不断暴发流行及危害事实表明，介水隐孢子虫病暴发流行已经对饮用者的健康与安全构成了严重的威胁。该文介绍了国内外介水隐孢子虫病暴发流行总体状况和典型案例，重点分析了造成介水隐孢子虫病暴发流行的原因。分析结果认为，受到隐孢子虫卵囊污染的饮用水系统是造成大规模传染的主要媒介，传统的水处理工艺难以有效地去除原水中的隐孢子虫卵囊，常规的氯化消毒未能有效地灭活卵囊，有必要研究开发高效经济的去除隐孢子虫净水工艺和灭活方法。     

螺旋霉素治疗婴儿隐孢孑虫性腹泻无效:一项随机双盲试验的结果

在一项回顾性研究中,作者证实住院的腹泻婴儿粪便中有隐孢子虫卵囊者发病率较高,住院时间长,且病死率也高。事实上隐孢子虫感染在营养不良的儿童中普遍存在。已证明隐孢子虫易寄生于严重T细胞缺陷者,例如艾滋病患者。鉴于有用螺旋霉素治疗肠隐孢子虫病获得成功的报告,本文进行了一项双盲对照试验,以评估螺旋霉素治疗婴幼儿隐孢子虫性腹泻的疗效。 1987年3～5月,某医院儿科腹泻病房     

介水性隐孢子虫病及其预防控制

介水性隐孢子虫病是由于饮用了含隐孢子虫卵囊的水引起的以腹泻为主要症状的消化道传染病。隐孢子虫为一类寄生在哺乳类、鸟类和人类体内的肠道原虫,感染此病的动物和人粪便中有大量隐孢子虫卵囊。卵囊体积小(直径4~6μm),人感染130个左右的卵囊即可致病。卵囊能抵抗饮用水常用消毒剂,在水和土壤中可存活数月。因此,如水源附近,或水源上游地表中存在高浓度的卵囊,而水厂处理工艺不良或处理失误时,就极易发生隐孢子虫病的介水性爆发流行。当前,随着城市规模发展演进到城市群带来人口的高度聚集和城乡集约化畜、禽养殖业的发展,城乡生活垃圾、生活污水和养殖业污水的排放量迅速增加,使得部分人、畜、禽粪尿污染环境和水,故对隐孢子虫病介水传播的危险性必须予以重视。     

福州地区腹泻病人与肠道原虫感染的关系

[目的]了解福州地区腹泻病人与肠道原染的关系。[方法]通过生理盐水直接涂片法、卢戈氏碘液染色涂片法或改良抗酸染色法对3116名腹泻病人的新鲜粪便进行镜检。[结果]在3116名腹泻病人中，肠道原虫感染率为21.66%；弃除63例结肠内阿米巴致病性未获证实外，肠道致病原虫的感染率为19.64%。其中以溶组织内阿米巴感染率17.65%为最高，其次隐孢子虫为0.64%，人毛滴虫0.61%，人芽囊原虫0.42%，蓝贾第鞭毛虫0.32%。[结论]福州地区腹泻病人有19.64%是由肠道致病原虫所引起，其中主要是溶组织内阿米巴，在儿童中主要是由隐孢子虫、人毛滴虫、人芽囊原虫和蓝贾第鞭毛虫。     

天津市引滦河水中隐孢子虫污染情况的调查

自 1976年美国首先报道人体感染隐孢子虫病例以来 ,世界各地已发现大量病例 ,受到世界医学界的普遍重视。新出现的隐孢子虫病是对公共卫生的一种新威胁。美国卫生部调查表明 ,隐孢子虫卵囊在地表水中检出率高达 65 % -97% ,隐孢子虫已成为污染环境 ,严重影响人类健康的问题之一。为此 ,笔者采用超滤技术对滦河水体隐孢子虫污染情况进行了测定结果如下。1　材料与方法1 1　水样的采集　因于桥水库至宜兴埠泵站段在天津市行政管辖区域内 ,选此段为研究对象 ,共设 6个采样点 ,依次为于桥水库、洇溜大桥、九王庄闸下、尔王庄明渠、尔王庄水库、…     

上海市卢湾区不同人群隐孢子虫感染情况调查

[目的]探讨中心城区不同人群隐孢子虫感染情况,为预防隐孢子虫病提供科学依据。[方法]采用改良抗酸染色法筛选,间接免疫荧光法(IFA)确定隐孢子虫感染情况。[结果]共收集不同人群粪样500份,隐孢子虫感染率为4.80%,其中腹泻病人隐孢子虫感染率为5.30%,养狗家庭居民隐孢子虫感染率为13.33%,社区居民无隐孢子虫感染。病例对照调查显示,食不洁食物、食品生熟交叉污染及家庭养狗是隐孢子虫感染的危险因素。[结论]中心城区腹泻病人和养狗居民存在隐孢子虫感染,应该加强宣传。注意饮食和个人卫生,饲养宠物家庭注意宠物卫生,不玩宠物并养成勤洗手的好习惯,是预防隐孢子虫感染的有效方法。     

一种快速准确检测隐孢子虫卵囊的方法

由隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)感染引起的隐孢子虫病(Cryptosporidiosis)是近年才受到世界各国卫生部门高度重视的一种人畜共患的肠道寄生原虫病。该病的寄生虫学诊断较为固难,因为隐孢子虫卵囊甚小,在显微镜检查时易被遗漏,使一些病例常被漏诊或误诊。因此,寻找一种快速准确检出该虫的方法,是当前人们探讨的一个课题。本文对 Baxby 氏(番红—美蓝)染色     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.