SLC22A12基因rs893006和SLC2A9基因rs11942223位点与高尿酸血症关联性研究

目的 探讨rs893006和rs11942223位点与高尿酸血症的关系,为高尿酸血症的群体遗传学研究以及防治提供依据。方法 在某体检机构确定364例高尿酸血症患者为病例组,按性别、民族、年龄进行1:1匹配,选择364例健康个体为对照组,采用Sequenom Mass ARRAY iPLEX GOLD技术检测两组中单核苷酸多态性,通过多因子降维法（multifactor dimensionality reduction,MDR）分析基因位点和体质指数（body mass index,BMI）的交互作用。结果 病例组的肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、收缩压和BMI较对照组高,差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。在男性中,rs893006位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在两组中的差异均有统计学意义（χ₁2=6.372,P=0.041;χ₂2=4.935,P=0.026）;在男性不同遗传模型中,rs893006位点的G等位基因为保护因素,携带GG+GT基因型发生高尿酸血症的风险是TT基因型的0.405倍。采用MDR分析表明:BMI和rs893006及rs11942223位点之间可能存在较弱的协同作用,rs893006和rs11942223位点可能存在明显的拮抗作用,携带高危基因型群体发生高尿酸血症的风险是低危基因型群体的1.99倍（χ2=12.499,P<0.001）。结论 rs893006位点基因的多态性与男性高尿酸血症的发病有关联,位点rs893006和rs11942223与BMI之间存在交互作用。     

细胞间黏附因子-1基因与云南彝族原发性高血压及血压水平的关联研究

目的探讨细胞间黏附因子-1基因(intercellular adhesion molecules-1,ICAM-1)标签SNPs与云南彝族原发性高血压及血压水平的相关性。方法采用病例-对照关联研究策略,运用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态方法,对615例彝族人(高血压患者303例、对照个体312例)进行ICAM-1基因7个标签SNPs(rs5491、rs281428、rs5498、rs3093032、rs5496、rs281437、rs309303)的多态性进行检测。结果彝族女性人群中,rs281437位点基因型和等位基因频率分布在高血压组和对照组间,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果提示CT/TT基因型和T等位基因使患病风险升高(OR=3.50,95%CI:1.61~7.62,P=0.002;OR=3.73,95%CI:1.78~7.80,P=0.000 5)。经Bonfferoni校正,这种相关性差异均有统计学意义(P=0.012,P=0.003)。在未接受降压治疗的彝族女性人群中,发现随着rs281437 T风险性等位基因数目的增加,血压水平呈现上升趋势,进一步验证了单位点分析所得结果的准确性。结论本研究结果提示ICAM-1基因rs281437位点可能是云南彝族女性高血压发生的易感标记,该位点与高血压和血压水平均相关,在云南彝族女性人群中值得关注。     

SLC22A12基因rs1529909和rs7929627位点多态性与高尿酸血症的相关性

目的探讨宁夏银川市居民SLC22A12基因rs1529909和rs7929627位点多态性与高尿酸血症的相关性。方法回顾性收集2014年4—11月在宁夏银川市某体检机构进行健康体检的365例确诊高尿酸血症患者资料,采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,按年龄(!5岁)、性别、民族进行匹配,选择同时间在该机构体检的365例血尿酸水平正常者作为对照。对研究对象进行问卷调查、体格检查、收集空腹静脉血进行生化检测和基因多态性检测。采用配对t检验进行两样本均数比较;条件Logistic回归分析高尿酸血症的影响因素;MDR软件分析两位点交互作用对高尿酸血症的影响。结果病例组体质指数、血尿酸、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯均值高于对照组(P<0.05)。rs1529909位点等位基因频率在男性病例组与对照组之间的差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.887,P=0.027);rs7929627位点各基因型频率在回族病例组和对照组中的差异有统计学意义(χ~2=14.906,P=0.002),在男性病例组和对照组中的差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.749,P=0.021)。交互作用分析结果显示,高危与低危基因型在两组之间的分布有统计学意义(χ~2=8.338,P=0.004),高危基因型发生高尿酸血症的风险是低危基因型的1.536倍(OR=1.536,95%CI 1.147~2.057)。结论rs1529909位点和rs7929627位点与男性高尿酸血症的发生均有关联;rs7929627位点与回族高尿酸血症的发生有关;rs1529909与rs7929627位点对于高尿酸血症的影响可能存在明显的拮抗作用。     

叉形头转录因子O亚型相关基因位点多态性与肝细胞癌关系

目的探讨叉形头转录因子O亚家族（forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily,FOXO）基因多态性与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）遗传易感性的关系。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,选取1 049例HCC患者作为病例组,1 052例无肿瘤患者作为对照组,对照组按年龄、性别、民族与病例组频数匹配。采用高通量TaqMan MGB实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（real-time fluorescent guantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR）技术对FOXO1的rs17592236位点、FOXO3的rs4946936位点和FOXO4的rs4503258位点进行基因分型。应用Logistic回归模型分析上述位点单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）与HCC发病风险的关系,并研究基因多态性与环境因素的交互作用。结果 rs17592236、rs4946936和rs4503258位点基因型在病例组和对照组中分布差异均无统计学意义（均有P〉0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,rs17592236位点CT/TT基因型可能降低HCC发病风险[P=0.010,OR（95%CI）=0.699（0.526~0.927）]。分层分析结果显示rs17592236位点SNP与HCC发病风险存在统计学关联。交互作用分析显示,rs17592236、rs4946936、rs4503258位点多态性与吸烟、饮酒、HBV感染、肝癌家族史4种环境因素均存在交互作用,rs17592236与rs4503258位点SNPs之间存在基因-基因交互作用[P=0.003,OR（95%CI）=0.755（0.628~0.908）]。结论携带FOXO1的rs17592236位点突变等位基因T可能降低HCC发病风险。rs17592236、rs4946936、rs4503258与环境危险因素的交互作用可能与HCC发生有关。     

油田作业人员职业紧张、ADD1基因和β2-AR基因多态性与高血压关系研究

目的探讨新疆油田工人油田作业职业紧张与ADD1基因、β2-AR基因交互作用对高血压的影响。方法采用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取在同一岗位工作时间1年以上共1 270名新疆油田作业工人作为研究对象,采用职业紧张量表修订版(OSI-R)进行职业紧张程度评价,PCR-RFLP技术检测ADD1基因、β2-AR基因多态性,多因子降维法进行基因交互作用分析。结果男性、汉族、工龄小于15年、倒班、钻井工种、已婚的油田工人职业紧张程度高(P0.05)。高血压患病率随着职业紧张程度的增加有上升的趋势(χ2=24.07,P0.05);ADD1基因rs17833172位点GG等位基因与高血压之间存在正相关(OR=2.948,95%CI:1.2～7.1,P值0.05),ADD1Gly460Trp位点TT等位基因与高血压之间呈负相关(OR=0.35,95%CI:0.15,0～0.78,P值0.05),其余2个基因位点与高血压之间的关联差异无统计学意义(P值0.05)。Gly460Trp位点、rs17833172位点、1023位点间存在交互作用,且交互模型为最优模型(P0.05),职业紧张和ADD1基因Gly460Trp rs17833172、β2-AR基因1023、rs1042717位点间存在交互作用,且交互模型为最优模型(P0.05)。结论职业紧张程度高的油田工人发生高血压的危险性越大,ADD1基因rs17833172位点GG等位基因与高血压的发生存在正相关,ADD1基因Gly460Trp位点TT基因与高血压之间存在负相关,ADD1 rs17833172、Gly460Trp位点与β2-AR基因rs1042717位点存在交互作用,ADD1基因、β2-AR基因的4个位点与职业紧张的交互作用对油田工人高血压的发生具有一定的调控作用。     

长期服用苯那普利的高血压患者左室肥厚逆转与血管紧张素转换酶基因和Chymase基因多态性的相关性研究

目的 探讨长期服用苯那普利的原发性高血压患者左室肥厚逆转与血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性和Chymase(CMA)基因A/B多态性的关系。方法 收集157例原发性高血压伴左室肥厚患者24个月的随访资料;应用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性方法检测ACE基因I/D多态性以及CMA基因A/B多态性;超声心动测量左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、舒张期室间隔厚度(IVST)及左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)。结果 (1)治疗后血压明显下降而心率改变不明显;(2)能明显逆转LVH;(3)ACE基因型间除左室质量(LVM)下降值及左室质量指数(LVMI)下降值在DD基因型明显大于Ⅱ型和ID型以外,其余各临床指标下降值在ACE基因型间的差异均无统计学意义;(4)CMA基因型间各临床指标下降值的差异均无统计学意义;(5)ACE基因中各基因型与CMA基因中各基因型间不存在交互作用;(6)多元线性逐步回归分析表明,仅ACE基因型与LVMI下降值有关。结论 长期服用苯那普利可以明显降低血压、逆转LVH;其中ACE基因为DD型的患者较其他基因型患者更易于LVH逆转,而CMA基因多态性与LVH逆转不相关;两种基因间不存在交互作用。     

CYP24A1基因多态性与绝经后女性乳腺癌的易感性研究

目的 探究CYP24A1基因多态性与绝经后女性乳腺癌风险关联。方法 采用以人群为基础的病例对照研究方法,在江苏省无锡市选取绝经后女性1 134人（589例乳腺癌患者和545例非乳腺癌患者）。采取Sequenom MassARRAY平台对CYP24A1单核苷酸多态性位点（rs2209314、rs2585428、rs2762941、rs3787555、rs4909959、rs912505和rs927650）进行分型,通过logistic回归分析CYP24A1多态性与乳腺癌的易感性,并采用广义多因子降维方法分析位点-位点之间的交互作用。结果 CYP24A1基因的rs2209314、rs2585428、rs2762941、rs3787555、rs4909959、rs912505和rs927650在共显性、显性、隐性和相加模型下均未发现与乳腺癌存在统计学关联。在腰围<80 cm的人群中,rs2585428能降低乳腺癌风险（OR=0.64,95% CI：0.42～0.96）,rs3787555也表现出相似关联（OR=0.58,95% CI：0.38～0.87）。同时rs2585428、rs3787555和rs4909959与腰围在乳腺癌发病风险存在交互作用。rs2209314、rs3787555和rs912505之间可能存在位点-位点之间的交互作用（P=0.054 7）。结论 在绝经后人群中,rs2585428和rs3787555与乳腺癌的易感性存在关联。     

TCF7L2和KCNQ1基因多态性与2型糖尿病的关联

目的研究TCF7L2和KCNQ1基因多态性与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)的关联,并探讨基因-环境之间的交互作用。方法采用以社区为基础的病例对照研究方法,在北京市房山区选取349例T2DM患者和300例对照,采用单碱基延伸方法对研究对象的基因型进行检测,运用广义多因子降维法(generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction,GMDR)分析基因-环境交互作用。结果 Logistic回归分析结果显示,TCF7L2基因rs12255372位点GT基因型个体患T2DM的风险是GG基因型个体的2.049倍(OR=2.049,95%CI:1.107~3.792),KCNQ1基因rs2237892位点CC基因型个体患T2DM的风险是TT基因型个体的2.619倍(OR=2.619,95%CI:1.609~4.263),rs2237897位点CC基因型个体患T2DM的风险是TT基因型个体的3.066倍(OR=3.066,95%CI:1.870~5.029),饮酒者患T2DM的风险是不饮酒者的2.749倍(OR=2.749,95%CI:1.753~4.311)。GMDR分析结果显示,饮酒-rs2237892-rs2237897-rs12255372模型的验证样本准确度(0.657 2)和交叉验证一致性(10/10)均最高。结论在本次调查的人群中,TCF7L2、KCNQ1基因多态性与T2DM存在关联,KCNQ1基因rs2237892、rs2237897位点、TCF7L2基因rs12255372位点与饮酒因素对T2DM发病存在交互作用。     

ATP2B1-eNOS通路基因多态性与生活方式对青少年血压偏高的交互作用

  目的  探索ATP2B1-eNOS通路基因多态性对血压表型的基因-生活方式交互作用, 为阐明青少年血压偏高的发生机制提供线索。  方法  采用方便整群抽样设计, 于2019年7-8月对3所初中872名学生进行问卷调查、人体指标测量和血液样本收集。在外周血液样本提取DNA后, 对基因多态性(ATP2B1/rs17249754和rs2070759, eNOS/rs1799983和rs2070744)进行基因分型。采用Logistic回归分析基因多态性与血压表型之间的关联并纳入交互项分析基因多态性与生活方式交互作用。  结果  青少年血压偏高的检出率为9.52%(男生9.15%, 女生9.87%), 性别差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.13, P=0.72)。男生和女生之间年龄、收缩压、舒张压、体质量指数(BMI)分类、出生体重、每日在校体育锻炼时间与每日在家玩电子游戏时间差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示, eNOS/rs2070744多态性在隐性模型下与血压偏高存在关联, 且CC基因型携带者相较于TT/TC基因型携带者血压偏高的发生风险升高(OR=3.88, 95%CI=1.00~15.02, P < 0.05)。基因-生活方式交互作用结果显示, ATP2B1/rs2070759多态性与在校体育锻炼时间对血压偏高存在交互作用(P_交互=0.05)。在每日在校体育锻炼时间 < 1 h亚组中, TT/TG基因型携带者相较于GG基因型携带者会增加血压偏高发生风险(OR=2.65, 95%CI=1.11~6.30, P < 0.05);而每日在校体育锻炼时间≥1 h亚组中, 与血压偏高无相关性。  结论  eNOS/rs2070744多态性与青少年血压偏高相关, ATP2B1/rs2070759多态性与在校体育锻炼时间对血压偏高存在交互作用。青少年应增加在校体育锻炼时间, 这将有助于高血压易感者维持正常的血压水平。     

神经肽Y受体2基因多态性对苯那普利降压疗效的影响

目的探讨神经肽Y受体2（neuropeptide Yreceptor2,NPY2R）基因多态性对苯那普利降压疗效的影响。方法选取中国安徽某两地区共422名原发性高血压患者,服用苯那普利,每日10mg,追踪观察16d。分析苯那普利的降压疗效和NPY2R基因多态性的关系。结果①苯那普利13d治疗后NPY2R Ile312Ile（T/C）突变组人群的舒张压下降要高于野生型组人群（校正前β±SE：2.28±1.07mmHg,P=0.0338,校正后β±SE：2.72±0.98mmHg,P=0.0056）;②经过16d的治疗后突变组人群的舒张压下降要高于野生型组人群（校正前β±SE：2.07±1.29mmHg,P=0.1092,校正后β±SE：2.48±1.20mmHg,P=0.0386）;③NPY2R两种基因型人群的舒张压的下降值在治疗过程的前13d基本一致,但此后两种基因型的舒张压降压疗效出现差异,突变组血压下降值高于野生型。结论原发性高血压人群经过苯那普利13d治疗后,NPY2R基因多态性和舒张压的降压疗效相关,其突变型（TC＋CC）的降压疗效比野生型（TT）好,且基因型间存在药物时效性差异。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.