马尔康地区饮茶和不饮茶中小学生龋齿患病情况

四川省马尔康地区属藏族、汉族等多民族集居的地方，其生活习惯不尽相同．藏族有饮用边茶、砖茶的习惯，而边（砖）茶中氟含量较高，为182．470mg／kg。为了解饮用边荼、砖茶藏族学生和不饮用边茶、砖茶汉族学生的龋齿患病情况，阿坝州疾病预防控制中心2003年分别对966名饮用边（砖）茶和990名不饮用边（砖）茶学生的龋齿患病情况进行调查，现报道如下。     

低氟砖茶对饮茶型氟中毒的预防作用

目的观察不含添加剂低氟砖茶预防饮茶型氟中毒效果。方法采集预防试点居民饮用不含添加剂低氟砖茶前后奶茶、尿样检测含氟量。结果改用不含添加剂低氟砖茶后,55户居民奶茶含氟量均值由4.18 mg/L降至0.97mg/L、1.13 mg/L(P0.01);居民尿氟含量由3.39 mg/L降至2.22 mg/L、1.86 mg/L(P0.01);居民经奶茶摄氟量由10.26 mg/d降至2.52 mg/d。结论不含添加剂低氟砖茶可有效降低奶茶含氟量,使居民日摄氟量降低,尿氟下降。长期饮用不含添加剂低氟砖茶可能是预防饮茶型氟中毒的有效方法。     

DTF乳剂对原料茶叶固氟效果的研究

砖茶原料常含有较多的氟，从茶叶中摄人过量的氟可引起习惯饮砖茶地区居民饮茶氟中毒流行。为控制此病研究了茶叶氟固定方法。此前，我们已确认一种提取自羊骨的被称为DTF乳剂的白色凝胶状制剂可结合水溶性氟。当茶叶浸入乳剂时，在叶面形成一层固氟膜。沏茶时，它结合氟离子并阻止氟进入茶水。用1-4．5％制剂可以固定268．54-744．77mg／kg茶叶氟。根据实验资料配置的曲线回归方程，可估算不同浓度制剂处理茶叶氟上限值。对含647．92±50．09mg／kg氟的茶叶用2％乳剂连续处理7次，水溶性氟被控制在300mg／kg以下。本法是一种控制茶叶氟有效方法。     

骨炭降氟剂对茶水中茶多酚等成份的影响

砖茶因取材老茶叶为原料，含氟量相当高，平均达６２２．５±１５５．６ｍｇＦ－／ｋｇ，是饮茶型氟中毒的主要氟源，长期大量饮用高氟砖茶水是引起该型氟病流行的原因。我国藏族等少数民族有大量饮用砖茶的特殊生活习惯，每日人均耗茶叶１０～１５ｇ，日摄氟量高达６～９...     

少数民族少年儿童砖茶型氟中毒流行病学调查

调查表明，四川、甘肃部分地区的藏族、蒙古族、哈萨克族、裕固族居住地水源氟浓度在０．００６～０．０１７８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ之间，且无其他氟污染，但４个民族居民均长期、大量饮用砖茶熬制的奶茶，奶茶含氟量在０．１３８～０．１９６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ之间。４个民族８～１５岁少年儿童氟斑牙患病率及氟斑牙指数分别为：藏族５１．２０％、指数１．３３；蒙古族５１．７５％、指数２．００；哈萨克族８４．４２％、指数３．０５；裕固族７５．７５％、指数２．５７。他们每人每日总摄氟量是国际公认最高限量的１．４２～２．５２倍。相关分析表明，造成４个民族儿童氟病流行的重要因素是奶茶（ｎ＝１５，ｒ＝０．９９）。     

饮茶型氟中毒研究进展

饮茶型氟中毒是我国特有的一种地方性氟中毒类型。病区主要分布在我国西部有大量饮用砖茶习惯的少数民族居住地区，以藏族、蒙古族为多，还有维吾尔、哈萨克等多个民族。1984年四川省卫生防疫站白学信首次报道阿坝藏族自治州壤塘县发生饮砖茶引起的地方性氟中毒，为我国第一次关于茶氟中毒的报告。砖茶是我国西部地区游牧少数民族的生活必需品，据推算全国有饮砖茶人口大约1000万。     

2002年四川省燃煤型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解地氟病病情及改炉改灶防治效果，为制定地氟病防治策略提供科学依据。方法 按照“四川省燃煤型氟中毒监测方案(1999—2003)”进行儿童氟斑牙患病率调查，尿氟浓度、玉米和海椒氟含量测定。结果 8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为63．06％，Dean指数为1．39，尿氟几何均值为1．08mg／L(0．11～40．13mg／L)。玉米氟含量均值为4．13mg／kg(0．03～33．20mg／kg)，海椒氟含量均值为131．41mg／kg(0．71～1074．80mg／kg)。结论 氟中毒病情呈下降趋势，但部分地区病情依然严重。提高降氟灶使用率，改变病区居民饮食结构及海椒干燥方式，加大健康教育力度等综合治理方法是防治燃煤型地方性氟中毒的重要手段。     

2020年新疆伊犁州饮茶型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解和掌握新疆伊犁州2020年砖茶饮用情况及地氟病流行情况。方法 在伊犁州9个县市根据东、西、南、北、中5个方位各随机抽取1个地方性氟中毒病区乡(镇),每个乡(镇)随机抽取自然村1个作为固定监测点,每个监测村抽取10户家庭采集砖茶叶样品,监测氟含量,在各监测点调查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,并对25岁以上成人进行氟骨症X线检查。结果 450份砖茶样品氟含量为116.32～1 481.41 mg/kg,中位数(M)为439.53 mg/kg。168份砖茶氟含量合格,合格率为37.33%。日均茶氟摄入量为2.76 mg,日均茶氟摄入量超过3.5 mg的村有9个。检查8～12岁儿童7 811人,氟斑牙176例,检出率为2.25%;氟骨症X线检查共71人,无新发氟骨症患者,检出率为0%。结论 伊犁州地方性氟中毒病区砖茶氟含量合格率较低,存在儿童氟斑牙患者。应继续加强健康教育,提高农牧民的自我保护意识,大力提倡健康生活方式,预防饮茶型氟中毒。     

临海市地方性氟中毒调查结果分析

临海市在20世纪80年代初期地方性氟中毒调查时，村民饮用水氟含量在0．2-3．6mg,／L，其中2个乡镇6个村水氟含量超标为1．1～3．6mg／L，儿童氟斑牙率为46．38％，被定为地氟病中等病区。为了进一步了解、摸清当前该市地方性氟中毒的流行情况，我们于2005年6月对原饮用水源超标乡镇地氟病病区村的8-12岁儿童氟斑牙发病及居民饮水情况进行现场调查，现将结果报告如下。     

广西市售茶叶含氟量的调查

目的了解广西茶叶氟含量，指导居民科学用茶。方法收集在南宁市出售的广西地区种植、生产、加工的新茶叶46种，用氟离子选择性电极分析法进行茶叶的氟含量测定。结果46种茶叶中，氟含量最低是苦丁茶1．9mg／kg，最高为盘龙茶142．5mg/kg，两者比较相差75倍。结论要科学用茶，正确饮茶。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.