中国11省市成年人吸烟和被动吸烟情况调查

目的了解中国成年人群的吸烟和被动吸烟流行水平,为有针对性的制定控烟措施提供基础资料。方法于2005—2007年采用多阶段整群抽样在全国11个省市城区和农村分层抽取符合条件的成年人群作为本次研究的受试对象。分析指标包括总吸烟率、现在吸烟率、开始吸烟年龄、吸烟者平均每日吸烟量、戒烟率和被动吸烟率。结果在44773名受试者中,人群的总吸烟率为27.3%,现在吸烟率为22.3%。男性的总吸烟率为59.7%,女性为3.8%。男性50～55岁组和45～50岁组总吸烟率最高(分别为65.7%,65.6%),女性年龄越大,总吸烟率越高。人群戒烟率仅为17.9%。过去1年中,不吸烟的受试者中39.4%处于被动吸烟状态,其中9949人(30.9%)每天至少1次处于被动吸烟状态。女性被动吸烟者率(43.6%)高于男性(24.0%)。城区受试者的总吸烟率为25.1%,被动吸烟率为37.2%,均低于农村(分别为29.4%,41.7%)。结论吸烟率与2002年调查数据相比变化不大,被动吸烟水平有明显下降,但人群戒烟率仍然不高。我国的人群吸烟状态和被动吸烟状态仍处于高水平,烟草控制面临巨大挑战。     

上海市居民吸烟、戒烟及被动吸烟现状

目的 了解上海市15岁及以上居民的吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟的流行水平,为有针对性的制定控烟措施提供基础资料.方法 利用2007年上海市慢性病及其危险因素监测调查数据,对17174名(男性8072人,女性9102人)15岁及以上居民的吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟状况进行描述性分析,指标包括吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、戒烟率、成功戒烟率、被动吸烟率.结果 男性居民的吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率分别为61.8%,54.8%,48.5%,28.3%,女性分别为1.2%,1.0%,0.7%和0.2%.人群的戒烟率、成功戒烟率分别为11.3%和8.6%.非吸烟者的被动吸烟率为43.1%,暴露场所主要是工作场所和家中.结论 上海市居民吸烟率、被动吸烟率处于较高水平,戒烟率较低,烟草控制面临巨大挑战.     

天津市成人吸烟及被动吸烟现状调查

目的描述天津市成人吸烟及被动吸烟的流行水平，了解大众对公共场所禁烟的态度。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法，在公共场所以问卷方式进行随机拦截调查，共调查600人。结果人群吸烟率为32．7％（男性60．6％，女性5．3％），戒烟率为10．2％，44．9％的吸烟者在过去一年中曾经尝试过戒烟，非吸烟者被动吸烟率为79．7％，对各公共场所禁烟的支持率均在70％以上，不同性别、文化程度、年龄的人群对公共场所禁烟的态度差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05），对吸烟及被动吸烟危害的知晓率均达到69％以上。结论天津市成人吸烟被动吸烟率偏高，需进一步提高居民对吸烟有害健康的认识，禁止在公共场所吸烟，降低吸烟率。     

沈阳市35岁以上居民吸烟、被动吸烟及戒烟现状调查

目的 了解沈阳市居民目前吸烟、被动吸烟、戒烟相关情况,为有针对性地制定控烟措施提供基础资料.方法 对社区慢性阻塞性肺病预防与控制适宜技术研究所获得的2194份35岁以上沈阳市社区居民间卷调查中吸烟信患进行分析.结果 吸烟率为37.1％,现在吸烟率为27.7％,常吸烟率为27.6％,重型吸烟率为12.8％.男性吸烟率及吸烟量均高于女性(P＜ 0.001).35～49岁年龄组吸烟率最高(29.9％).不同受教育程度人群吸烟率差异无统计学意义.但不同收入水平的人群吸烟率存在差异.被动吸烟率女性高于男性,且随年龄增加,呈下降趋势.吸烟者中戒烟率为25.2％,复吸率为11.9％,接受医生劝导戒烟者戒烟率(34.7％)高于自主戒烟者(6.8％).结论 不同年龄、性别、家庭收入者吸烟率及成功的戒烟率差别明显.应进一步加强中青年人群烟草危害的健康教育及戒烟知识推广,倡导给予戒烟者更多的帮助,尤其是医生劝导戒烟及指导药物戒烟,提高戒烟率,减少烟草危害.     

浙江省台州市成年人吸烟和被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解浙江省台州市成年人群的吸烟和被动吸烟情况,为制定有针对性的控烟措施提供基础资料。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法于2010—2011年在全市9个县(市、区)抽取符合条件的成年人群作为本次研究的受试对象。分析指标包括吸烟率、开始吸烟年龄、吸烟者平均每日吸烟量、戒烟率和被动吸烟率等。结果调查对象吸烟率为23.6%,男性、女性吸烟率分别为48.0%和1.2%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=683.60,P<0.01)。开始吸烟的平均年龄为(22.9±5.5)岁,平均每天吸烟(20.4±12.8)支。不吸烟的调查对象被动吸烟率为40.2%,其中男性、女性分别为31.6%和43.2%。调查对象戒烟率为21.8%,其中男性、女性分别为21.9%和17.6%。被调查的吸烟者中有53.9%不打算戒烟。男性和女性吸烟者打算现在开始戒烟比例仅为5.4%和14.3%。分别仅有35.2%和29.5%的调查对象认为吸烟和被动吸烟对健康重度有害。结论台州市成人居民烟草暴露严重,居民吸烟率、被动吸烟率处于较高水平,戒烟率较低,烟草控制面临巨大挑战。     

北京市通州区某镇成人吸烟及戒烟相关信息分析

目的 了解农村地区成人吸烟现状,为制定适宜农村地区的控烟措施提供依据.方法 于2011年对北京市通州区永乐店地区参加永乐店卫生院年度健康体检的年龄在20岁及以上农村居民进行吸烟相关行为的问卷调查.结果 此次共调查18 238人,男性8 156人,女性10 082人.调查人群总吸烟率29.9％,现在吸烟率28.6％,男性吸烟率64.1％,女性吸烟率2.2％.调查人群开始吸烟的平均年龄为(19.82±7.09)岁;吸烟者平均每天吸(16.53±8.31)支;被动吸烟率61.6％;有38.5％的人有戒烟意愿,戒烟率为4.2％,2.3％的吸烟者知道戒烟门诊.最近一年有21.7％接受卫生服务的吸烟者得到过医生的戒烟建议.结论 吸烟是农村地区面临的一个严重危害居民健康的公共卫生问题,应加强居民控烟健康教育,提高社区医生戒烟技术,减少烟草使用带来的疾病负担.     

浙江省2013年成人吸烟及被动吸烟现状调查

目的 描述2013年浙江省成人吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟的流行水平及其不同教育水平、职业和地区分布的特点,判断烟草流行变化趋势.方法 采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对浙江省45个监测点13 408名15～69岁居民进行入户问卷调查,其中有13 326人合格问卷用于分析.采用总吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、戒烟率、“二手烟”暴露率等指标,根据2010年第六次普查人口进行加权计算.结果 浙江省15～69岁人群中有1 289.65万成年吸烟者(29.59%),其中现在吸烟者998.76万(22.92%),常吸烟者844.72万(19.38%),男性和女性现在吸烟率分别为41.18%和3.69%,男性中45～54岁组最高(51.66%),女性65～69岁组最高(4.62%);人群戒烟率为22.56%,40.19%的现在吸烟者中有戒烟的考虑,选择的主要戒烟方式是“靠自己毅力戒烟”(87.59%);15～69岁人群中有2 276.77万(67.90%) “二手烟”暴露者,以室内场所烟草暴露率最高(62.84%);人群对吸烟、被动吸烟引起其他疾病的认知普遍偏低,对主动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率仅为31.52%,对被动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率仅为34.04%.结论 浙江省15～69岁居民吸烟和“二手烟”暴露状况严重,对烟草知识的认知率不足.     

中国中西部农村地区居民吸烟、被动吸烟及戒烟现状调查

目的了解中西部农村地区居民吸烟、被动吸烟及戒烟现状,为改善中西部农村地区吸烟状况提供建议。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对山西、甘肃、青海、新疆4个省(自治区)中16个项目县84个行政村5486名15-69岁的居民进行问卷调查。以吸烟率、开始吸烟年龄、被动吸烟率、戒烟率和对烟草危害健康的知晓率作为调查指标,调查中西部地区农村居民吸烟现状。结果调查对象的吸烟率为20．9%,其中,男性吸烟率为44．8%,女性吸烟率为2．O%;汉族吸烟率高于少数民族,不同性别、民族和文化程度者的吸烟率差异有统计学意义(P<0．001)。吸烟者开始吸烟平均年龄为(21．3±5．6)岁,男性早于女性。被动吸烟率为37．8%,其中男性31．9%,女性40．4%,女性受到的被动吸烟危害高于男性。调查人群戒烟率为1．9%。结论中西部农村地区居民吸烟和被动吸烟状况面临挑战,尤其是戒烟率较低,政府及相关部门应采取相应有效干预措施,以减少烟草对居民健康的危害。     

湖北省武汉市成人居民吸烟现状调查

目的了解武汉市成人居民吸烟和被动吸烟现状。方法采用随机整群抽样方法，选取9077名18岁及以上常住居民为调查对象，用统一调查表进行调查。结果武汉市18岁以上居民年龄标化吸烟率为25．6％，中心城区低于远城区；男性吸烟率为49．1％，女性为2．6％。年龄标化戒烟率为3．5％，其中男性为6．4％，女性为0．6％。18岁以上成人年龄标化被动吸烟率为25．9％。在所有成人吸烟人群中，平均初始吸烟年龄为22．3±7．1岁。结论武汉市成人居民的吸烟率、被动吸烟率低于2002年全国吸烟流行病学调查的全国水平，远城区居民的吸烟率和吸烟量均高于城区，城区居民戒烟率高于远城区居民。     

广西15岁及以上居民吸烟情况调查

目的分析广西居民吸烟情况,为制定广西控烟措施提供基础资料。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据(广西部分),对9181名(男4206人、女4975人)15岁及以上居民的吸烟行为,包括吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、开始吸烟年龄、吸烟类别、戒烟率、戒烟成功率、复吸率及被动吸烟率等进行描述性分析。结果广西15岁及以上居民吸烟率为22.8%,男性(48.1%)明显高于女性(1.5%);现在吸烟率为22.4%;98.2%的吸烟者为现在吸烟者;常吸烟率为22.1%;重型吸烟率为9.7%,重型吸烟者占现在吸烟者的43.3%。结论广西居民吸烟率较高,应采取有针对性的措施,有效地控制烟草的消费和被动吸烟。     

中国居民吸烟行为的现状分析

目的分析我国居民吸烟行为,为有针对性地制定控烟措施提供基础资料.方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,对167063名（男76 556人,女90507人）15岁及以上居民的吸烟行为,包括吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、平均吸烟量、吸烟类别、戒烟率、戒烟成功率、复吸率及被动吸烟率等进行描述性分析.结果我国15岁及以上居民吸烟率为24.0%,男性（50.2%）明显高于女性（2.8%）,现在吸烟率为23.6%,男性（49.6%）明显高于女性（2.8%）.98.8%的男性及几乎全部女性吸烟者为现在吸烟者,95.1%的男性及92.9%的女性现在吸烟者为常吸烟者,46.0%的男性及21.4%的女性现在吸烟者为重型吸烟者.农村居民上述指标均高于城市居民.我国18岁及以上吸烟者中81.3%主要吸有过滤嘴香烟,11.9%主要吸手卷烟或旱烟,4.2%主要吸无过滤嘴香烟,2.3%主要吸烟斗或水烟袋,0.3%主要吸雪茄.结论我国居民中吸烟率仍然很高,烟草控制仍然面临着巨大的挑战,应采取有针对性的措施,有效地控制烟草的消费.     

徐州市2008年15岁及以上常住居民吸烟与被动吸烟现状调查

目的 了解徐州市不同人群吸烟现状,为开展控烟工作提供依据.方法 于2008年6-12月采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法 ,选择具有代表性的样本,对15岁及以上常住居民,采用统一调查问卷进行调查.结果共调查44 686人,其中城市10 295人(23.04%),农村34 391人(76.96%);男性21 524人(48.17%),女性23 162人(51.83%).15岁及以上人群吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、平均每日吸烟量、戒烟成功率、复吸率及被动吸烟率分别为22.45%、21.40%、15.49%、9.49%、15.09支、4.68%、5.91%和14.12%.城乡居民的吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);戒烟成功率、被动吸烟率城市高于农村(P<0.05);复吸率、重型吸烟率、平均每日吸烟量农村高于城市(P<0.05).男性吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、复吸率、平均每日吸烟量比例均高于女性(P<0.05).戒烟成功率、被动吸烟率女性高于男性(P<0.05).该人群吸烟者中主要吸有过滤嘴香烟(85.17%).不同文化程度、职业、经济收入的人群吸烟率比较,经X~2检验,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 徐州市居民中吸烟率仍然很高,应采取有针对性的措施,有效地控制烟草的流行.     

Women and tobacco in the European Union

Over the last decades, the prevalence of smoking in the European Union has followed different trends by sex. While the prevalence has declined for men, it has increased or is stable for women. In some countries where these changes took place earlier, the prevalence of smoking is now higher among women than among men. This document provides quantitative data for these trends in the European Union, with special reference to the situation in Spain. In 1995 there were 60 million men and 42 million women smokers in the European Union. Up to 48% of female smokers used light cigarettes, that is 20 million women. There are documents from the tobacco industry showing that the goal of the promotion of light cigarettes is to reassure their clients and to keep as smokers those concerned about their health who are considering the possibility of quitting. There is evidence confirming that this policy is successful, and that the misconceptions of smokers about light cigarettes deter them from quitting. There is evidence on the role of smoking in weight control. Women are more concerned than men about their weight, and for young women body image is very relevant. Young girls often have the perception that they are overweight. Although fear of being overweight is more common than actual overweight, the evidence suggests that being afraid of gaining weight plays a role in keeping women as smokers, and that young girls begin smoking taking into consideration weight issues. The advice on how to maintain weight should be included in any smoking cessation program for women. Any preventive action for teen age smokers should include weight control issues.     

The illegal sale of cigarettes to US minors: estimates by state.

Data available from recent national surveys on the cigarette consumption and purchasing practices of teenage smokers were used to generate state-specific estimates of the number of teenage smokers and cigarette sales to minors. In 1991, approximately 2.7 million teenage cigarette smokers consumed an average of 28.3 million cigarettes per day (516 million packs per year). An estimated 255 million packs of cigarettes were sold illegally to minors in 1991. To make cigarettes and other tobacco products less accessible to minors, policymakers should consider implementing various legislative and economic measures such as banning cigarette vending machines and raising tobacco excise taxes.     

'Light' and 'mild' cigarettes: who smokes them? Are they being misled?

Using two population-based surveys of Ontarians, we examined the proportions of smokers who smoke 'light' and 'mild' cigarettes (L/M). We compared L/M smokers to regular cigarette smokers regarding demographic, health knowledge, and smoking characteristics and examined their health-related perceptions of L/M and reasons for smoking them. Use of these cigarettes increased from 71% in 1996 to 83% in 2000. Those who smoked L/M were more likely to be female, to be less addicted, and to be more advanced toward quitting. In 1996, one in five believed that smoking L/M lowers the risk of cancer and heart disease. In 1996 and 2000, respectively, 44% and 27% smoked L/M to reduce health risks, 41% and 40% smoked them as a step toward quitting, and 41% in both years said they would be more likely to quit if they learned L/M could provide the same tar and nicotine as regular cigarettes. These data provide empirical support for banning 'light' and 'mild' on cigarette packaging.     

Changes in Smoking Prevalence and Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day Following the Implementation of a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Plan in New York City

The New York City (NYC) Health Department has implemented a comprehensive tobacco control plan since 2002, and there was a 27% decline in adult smoking prevalence in NYC from 2002 to 2008. There are conflicting reports in the literature on whether residual smoker populations have a larger or smaller share of “hardcore” smokers. Changes in daily consumption and daily and nondaily smoking prevalence, common components used to define hardcore smokers, were evaluated in the context of the smoking prevalence decline. Using the NYC Community Health Survey, an annual random digit dial, cross-sectional survey that samples approximately 10,000 adults, the prevalence of current heavy daily, light daily, and nondaily smokers among NYC adults was compared between 2002 and 2008. A five-level categorical cigarettes per day (CPD) variable was also used to compare the population of smokers between the 2 years. From 2002 to 2008, significant declines were seen in the prevalence of daily smoking, heavy daily smoking, and nondaily smoking. Among daily smokers, there is also evidence of population declines in all but the lowest smoking category (one to five CPD). The mean CPD among daily smokers declined significantly, from 14.6 to 12.5. After an overall decline in smoking since 2002, the remaining smokers may be less nicotine dependent, based on changes in daily consumption and daily and nondaily smoking prevalence. These findings suggest the need to increase media and cessation efforts targeted towards lighter smokers.     

河北省1021名教师吸烟与控烟状况调查

目的了解河北省教师吸烟与控烟状况。方法抽取河北省3个城市26所大中小学校的一线教师进行面对面问卷调查。结果共调查22—62岁教师1021名,女性无吸烟者,男性吸烟率为25．7％;吸烟者平均每天吸烟12．4支,香烟价格在20元及以下占98．5％;吸烟者在上班时间和在学生面前吸烟的比例分别为86．8％和47．1％,吸烟的主要室内场所是办公室和卫生间;吸烟者有44．1％曾经戒过烟,45．6％有近期戒烟打算。75．8％的教师对学生讲过吸烟的危害,开展过其他控烟相关教学活动的教师比例不到40％;60．5％的教师所在学校实行全部禁烟,17．6％实行部分禁烟,执行禁烟规定好的学校占有禁烟规定学校的56．3％。结论河北省校园内存在不同程度的教师吸烟现象,应加大对学校特别是大、中学校控烟干预和监督力度。     

2013-2014年安徽省成人吸烟和戒烟行为状况分析

目的 了解安徽省成人居民吸烟和戒烟行为状况,为制定烟草控制措施提供依据。方法 利用2013-2014年安徽省成人慢性病及其危险因素监测项目调查数据,使用事后分层权重调整和复杂抽样设计方法进行统计分析。结果 有效样本量为7 182人,现在吸烟率为26.2%（95% CI:23.9%~28.4%）,男性高于女性,分别为51.2%（95% CI:45.5%~56.8%）和1.4%（95% CI:0.5%~2.4%）;男性现在吸烟率随文化程度提高出现降低趋势（P<0.001）。现在每日吸烟率为23.7%（95% CI:21.4%~26.0%）,男性（46.5%,95% CI:41.7%~51.3%）高于女性（1.2%,95% CI:0.5%~1.9%）。现在吸烟者日均吸烟量为17.1（95% CI:16.5~17.6）支,男女分别为17.2（95% CI:16.7~17.8）支和10.5（95% CI:9.4~11.7）支,且男性日均吸烟量随着年龄升高而增加（P=0.048）,随文化程度升高而减少的趋势（P=0.003）。二手烟暴露率为57.6%（95% CI:51.2%~64.0%）。男性现在吸烟者中仅有37.6%（95% CI:25.0%~50.2%）打算戒烟,男性戒烟率为13.8%（95% CI:7.5%~20.1%）,成功戒烟率为9.1%（95% CI:5.1%~13.0%）。结论 安徽省成人居民吸烟行为普遍存在,二手烟暴露率较高,成年男性烟草使用率高,戒烟和成功戒烟率水平低。     

The relationship between home smoking bans and exposure to state tobacco control efforts and smoking behaviors

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between home smoking bans and adult smokers' exposure to the statewide California Tobacco Control Program (TCP) and their cigarette smoking behavior. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey that was part of the statewide Independent Evaluation of the California Tobacco Control, Prevention and Education Program. SETTING: Random telephone interviews within 18 California counties. SUBJECTS: A representative sample of 1315 adult smokers, aged 25 years and older. MEASURES: The telephone survey included questions about smoking behavior, quitting smoking, exposure to tobacco control program components, home smoking rules, and attitudes related to tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). RESULTS: Smokers with a home smoking ban were twice as likely (OR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.22, 4.29) to have heard of TCP community programs and three times more likely (OR = 3.18; 95% CI 1.34, 7.57) to have seen and talked about the ETS media spot than smokers with no home smoking policy. Multivariate regression models indicated that having a home smoking ban was related to smoking fewer cigarettes per day and greater interest in quitting smoking compared with smokers with no smoking rules in the home (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that smokers reporting exposure to the California TCP were more likely to have restrictive home smoking policies and that more restrictive home smoking policies were associated with reduced smoking behavior.