武汉市2001-2010年中小学生营养状况分析

了解武汉市中小学生营养状况,为指导和改善学校营养保健工作提供科学依据.方法 从武汉市武昌、汉阳、汉口各抽取高中、初中和小学1所,对抽取学校全体在校学生进行身高、体重测量,用身高标准体重法对2001-2010年间在校中小学生的营养状况进行评价.结果 武汉市中小学生10 a间中度营养不良检出率为0.77%,轻度营养不良检出率为2.34%;超重检出率为5.66%,肥胖检出率为11.85%.营养不良检出率高中生显著高于初中生和小学生(x2 值分别为113.05,117.12,P<0.05);肥胖检出率高中生显著低于初中生和小学生(x2 值分别为27.10,25.08,P<0.05);10 a间男、女生营养不良检出率均有所下降,超重和肥胖检出率均有所升高,且女生升高的幅度高于男生.结论 2001-2010年,武汉市中小学生营养状况明显改善,营养不良检出率降低,但营养过剩问题趋于严重.应将超重和肥胖的防治作为武汉市学校卫生工作的重点.     

漳州市中小学生营养状况分析

目的了解漳州市中小学学生营养状况及变化趋势,为开展学校健康教育提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法选取漳州市2所小学和9所中学的全部在校学生,并对2009—2014年学生预防性健康体检资料中的营养状况监测数据进行描述性分析。结果 2009—2014年漳州市中小学学生营养不良、超重及肥胖检出率均呈逐年上升趋势(P0.01),2014年较2009年分别上升3.01、1.32、1.05个百分点(P均0.01);男女生营养不良及超重检出率和男生肥胖检出率均呈逐年上升趋势(P0.01),女生肥胖检出率无明显变化(P0.05);男生营养不良、肥胖和超重检出率均高于女生(P0.01);不同学段学生营养不良检出率高中生初中生小学生(P0.01),肥胖检出率小学生初中生高中生(P0.01)。结论 2009—2014年,漳州市中小学生营养不良呈上升趋势,营养不良与营养过剩问题并存。     

银川市城区中小学生超重和肥胖流行现况

目的了解银川市城区中小学生超重和肥胖流行现况,为中小学生肥胖防治提供科学依据。方法于2015—2018年采用多阶段分层抽样方法选取银川市城区小学、初中和高中学校的6～18岁学龄儿童青少年2 445名为研究对象,问卷调查基本信息,并进行体格检查。采用中国标准、WHO标准和国际肥胖问题工作组(IOTF)标准分析银川市城区中小学生超重和肥胖流行现况。用SPSS 23.0软件进行t检验、完全随机设计χ2检验和配对设计χ2检验,计算加权Kappa值。结果以中国标准、WHO标准和IOTF标准筛查银川市城区中小学生的总体超重率分别为16.1%、14.5%和16.0%,总体肥胖率分别为9.4%、8.0%和4.5%。3种筛查标准对各年级男生肥胖的检出率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);小学生超重检出率和肥胖检出率均显著高于高中生,差异均有统计学意义(,P0.05,P0.01)。采用中国标准和WHO标准筛查男女性小学生的肥胖检出率均显著高于初中和高中生,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。中国标准vs.WHO标准、中国标准vs. IOTF标准、WHO标准vs. IOTF标准之间的加权Kappa值分别为0.89、0.74和0.83,总体上均呈现较好的一致性。结论银川市城区中小学生超重和肥胖问题较为严峻,应重点关注男生和小学生的超重和肥胖流行问题,及早采取综合措施进行防控。     

青少年睡眠时间静态活动与超重肥胖的关系

目的 探讨中小学生睡眠时间、静态活动与超重肥胖的关系,为制定预防和干预青少年肥胖策略提供依据.方法 采用自行编制的“学生营养状况及饮食行为调查表”,对多阶段分层整群抽取的湖北省3 182名城乡中小学生进行睡眠时间、静态活动调查,并在现场测量身高、体重等指标,分析睡眠时间与静态活动对超重肥胖的影响.结果 中小学生超重肥胖检出率为11.7％,其中男生为14.8％,女生为8.5％,男生超重肥胖检出率显著高于女生(x2=30.49,P＜0.05);小学生超重检出率显著高于中学生(x2=72.40,P＜o.05).调查前的过去7d里,小学生睡眠不足1 003例,占98.9％;中学生睡眠不足1 659例,占76.5％,差异有统计学意义(x2=253.40,P＜0.05).小学生各项静态活动平均每天≥2 h的分别为看电视(13.6％)、上网(33.7％),中学生分别为看电视(13.5％)、上网(23.5％),中、小学生之间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).睡眠不足、看电视和上网时间均≥2 h的学生超重肥胖率分别为12.3％,13.0％和15.8％.Logistic回归分析显示,上网时间长(≥2 h)的学生发生超重肥胖的危险性是上网时间短(＜2 h)学生的1.393倍(P＜0.05).结论 长时间上网为中小学生超重肥胖的独立危险因素.     

台州市2013—2020年中小学生超重肥胖流行特征分析

  目的  分析台州市2013—2020年中小学生超重肥胖流行趋势特征,为超重肥胖防控工作提供支持。  方法  按照分层整群随机抽样的原则,在台州市9个县(市、区)中各随机抽取1所小学、1所初中、1所高中,对在校学生开展连续监测,收集身高、体重等数据计算体质量指数(BMI),采用检出率、定基比、环比、平均增长速度等指标对流行特征进行分析。  结果  2013—2020年,台州市中小学生总体超重率为14.5%(36 592/252 583),肥胖率为11.2%(28 256/252 583),均处于上升趋势,年平均增长率分别为1.9%,5.5%,肥胖率上升速度更快。分性别看,男生肥胖率(13.2%)高于女生(9.0%)(χ2=1 119.57,P < 0.01),年平均增长速度女生高于男生,分别为6.1%,5.2%;男生超重率(17.6%)高于女生(10.9%)(χ2=2 307.35,P < 0.01),年平均增长速度女生快于男生,分别为2.3%,1.7%。分学段看,小学生肥胖率(17.5%)高于初中生(9.7%),均高于高中生(4.9%)(χ2=7 291.33,P < 0.01),年平均增长速度初中生最快,其次是高中生,最后是小学生,分别为6.5%,3.9%,2.6%;小学生超重率(15.8%)高于初中生(15.3%),均高于高中生(12.2%)(χ2=521.06,P < 0.01),年平均增长速度初中生最快,其次是高中生,最后是小学生,分别为2.4%,2.2%,0.6%。  结论  台州市中小学生超重、肥胖检出率偏高且增长迅速,防控形势严峻;防控的重点人群为男生和小学生。预防控制策略应分别针对不同人群采取综合防控措施。     

浙江省天台县中小学生超重肥胖的流行现况

目的 了解浙江省天台县中小学生超重、肥胖的流行现状.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,对天台县中小学生进行现场调查.测量身高、体重,计算体质量指数(BMI),根据《中国学龄儿童超重、肥胖筛查BMI值分类标准》判定学生超重、肥胖,对不同性别、年龄及城乡学生的超重肥胖情况进行比较.结果 共抽查天台中小学生10 595人,其中超重1 243人,超重率11.73％;肥胖952人,肥胖率8.99％;7岁学生的超重和肥胖检出率较高,7～12岁呈逐渐下降趋势(x2趋势=53.04,P＜0.01),12岁后肥胖超重总比例基本稳定在15％～18％(x2趋势=8.26,P＞0.05);男生超重和肥胖的检出率都显著高于女生(x2=124.63和38.00,P均＜0.01);城市中小学生的超重和肥胖的检出率高于乡村(x2=10.70和49.66,P均＜0.01).结论 本地区中小学生的肥胖发生率男生较女生更为严重,且超重和肥胖出现低龄化.     

哈密铁路分局中小学生2002～2003年营养状况

目的　了解哈密铁路分局所辖中小学生营养状况 ,为该地中小学生营养性疾病的防治提供依据。方法　测量哈密铁路分局1 2 0 2 9名 7～ 1 8岁学生的身高、体重 ,采用《学生生长发育监测信息管理与评价系统》进行营养状况评价。结果　中小学生营养不良率为2 1 .56%,低于全国城市学生平均水平 (2 8.96 %) (u =1 7.2 9,P <0 .0 1 ) ;肥胖率为 1 5 .1 2 %,超重率为 1 0 .99%,高于全国城市学生 (肥胖率为6 .39%,超重率为 9.92 %) (u值分别为 35 .94,3 .76 ,P值均 <0 .0 1 )。营养不良率女生 >男生 ,中学生 >小学生 ;肥胖率男生 >女生 ,初中生>小学生和高中生 ;超重率小学生 >高中生。营养不良、肥胖、超重的高峰年龄分别为 1 8,1 1和 9岁。结论　哈密铁路分局学生肥胖率及超重率处于较高水平 ,应采取综合性干预措施 ,改善学生营养状况。     

上海市奉贤区中小学生10年营养状况分析

目的 了解奉贤区中小学生营养状况，以便科学地指导学生保健工作。方法 1992—2001年间，按有关标准对7—22岁58814名中小学生进行身高体重测量，用身高标准体重法评价营养状况。结果 营养不良率在13．48％-35．12％之间，平均检出率为24．14％。营养不良率女生显高于男生，而超重率、肥胖率男生均显高于女生。营养不良率城市学生显低于乡镇学生，而超重率、肥胖率城市学生均显高于乡镇学生。营养不良率由高到低依次为初中生(30．0l％)、高中生(28．55％)、小学生(18．06％)。结论 预防控制学生营养不良重点是女生和乡镇学生及初中阶段学生，肥胖的预防控制重点是男生和城镇学生。     

重庆沙坪坝区中小学生超重肥胖流行现况及影响因素分析

目的调查中小学生超重肥胖流行现况及影响因素,为制定有效的干预措施提供依据。方法利用多阶段整群抽样方法,于2018年12月—2019年1月对重庆沙坪坝区8所中小学5 306名学生进行超重、肥胖及影响因素调查。结果该地区中小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别为14.93%和9.18%。男生超重率(15.87%)和肥胖率(10.88%)均高于女生的13.92%和7.35%(P 0.05);初中生超重检出率(16.53%)高于小学生(13.10%),小学生肥胖检出率(10.85%)高于初中生(7.71%),差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析发现,性别、周末睡眠时间、是否独生子女、父母体型、父母屏幕时间、父母是否因学习减少孩子运动时间、进餐速度、是否吃早餐以及牛奶(豆浆)进食频率对中小学生超重肥胖有影响。结论重庆沙坪坝区中小学超重肥胖高于全国平均水平,家庭因素、父母因素以及个人饮食习惯是重要影响因素,应采取针对性措施予以干预。     

四川省2018年与2014年7~18周岁中小学生形态发育现状对比分析

目的 了解2018年与2014年四川省7~18周岁中小学生形态学指标变化情况,为近五年来中小学生超重和肥胖变化情况提供基础数据。方法 本次调查采用整群抽样方法,2018年和2014年共抽取了28 754名7~18周岁中小学生,其中2018年抽取中小学生23 977人,2014年共抽取中小学生4 777人,检测中小学生的身高、体重等形态发育指标,并计算出中小学生超重、肥胖检出率。结果 2018年与2014年中小学生平均身高和平均体重差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2018年与2014年中小学生男生超重检出率分别为12.78%和14.79%,2018年男生超重检出率比2014年男生超重检出率略低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2018年与2014年中小学生女生肥胖检出率分别为6.44%和4.58%,2018年女生肥胖检出率比2014年女生肥胖检出率高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 近五年来,四川省中小学生平均身高和体重无明显变化;在超重和肥胖方面,男生超重检出率有所下降,女生肥胖检出率有所上升;建议加强对中小学生女生肥胖发生的防控,积极促进中小学女生改善饮食结构,鼓励多参加体育运动,抑制肥胖在女生中快速增长的趋势。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.