基于Bootstrap-Malmquist-DEA的公立三级综合医院全要素生产率测算与动态分解

目的：测算新医改以来我国公立三级综合医院全要素生产率及其变动情况。方法：采取系统分层典型抽样方法获取2012-2018年5个省份203家公立三级综合医院投入产出指标面板数据,应用Bootstrap-Malmquist-DEA方法计算样本医院的全要素生产率,并对其构成指数进行分解研究。结果：2012-2018年全要素生产率降低0.70%,技术效率降低6.76%,技术进步6.50%,纯技术效率降低4.80%,规模效率降低2.06%。结论：新医改以来我国公立三级综合医院全要素生产率存在轻微衰退,主要原因是纯技术效率和规模效率共同下降,技术进步是促进其提升的主要动因。建议公立医院加强内部精细化管理提升管理水平,依靠技术进步进一步缩短平均住院日;政府进一步加强公立医院规模控制,加大对经济欠发达省份医疗技术投入。     

县级公立医院综合改革实施前后医院生产率变化的研究

目的:研究县级公立医院综合改革政策实施前后山东省县级公立医院生产率变化情况。方法:选取代表医院投入的人、财、物指标,代表医院产出的年门诊总量、年住院总量等产出指标,使用Deap 2.1软件,分析10个县级公立医院从2010—2013年4年间的全要素生产率变化、技术效率变化和规模效率变化。结果:在县级公立医院综合改革前后山东省县级医院全要素生产率变化不显著;试点期的技术效率平均值低于试点前(effch试点期=0.990,effch试点前=1.020,t=2.188,P=0.021);试点期的技术进步平均值要高于试点前(tech试点期=0.980,tech试点前=1.032,t=-2.075,P=0.029);试点期对试点医院和非试点医院的全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步等比较无差异。结论:县级公立医院综合改革政策的核心措施取消药品加成,起到了切断医院的"以药补医"顽疾的作用,有效的促进了医院医疗技术的提高,对实现医生的医疗服务价值有重要意义。     

福建省县级综合性公立医院运行效率变化分析

目的:研究福建省40家县级综合性公立医院的综合效率、技术效率和规模效率变化情况,以及全要素生产率随着时间变化的情况,为提高县级综合性公立医院运营效率提供决策依据和参考。方法:收集2009—2014年福建省40家县级综合性公立医院运营相关数据,运用数据包络分析法(DEA)的CCR、BCC和Malmquist模型进行分析。结果:40家县级综合性公立医院中绝大多数处于规模递减状态,2009—2014年的全要素生产率为1.019,21家(52.5%)医院生产率有所提高,其中3家医院生产率提高是由于技术进步,3家是由于效率提高,15家是由于技术进步和效率提高共同作用。结论:福建省县级综合性公立医院效率总体不足,且不同地区医院运行效率有差异,山区医院效率有所提高,沿海地区医院效率出现下降。因此,政府在加大对县级综合性公立医院投入时,应采取差别化政策,注意合理控制医院规模,同时应加强内涵建设,重视医疗技术的提升。     

湖南省17家改革试点县级公立医院运行效率DEA的评价

目的 基于DEA-BCC模型与DEA-Malmquist指数模型,评价湖南省17家改革试点县级公立医院2012、2013年的运行效率,为卫生决策者提供数据与理论支持。 方法 选取湖南省17家县级公立医院2012年与2013年的年报数据并筛选出投入产出指标,采用DEA-BCC模型分析2012与2013年的效率与报酬状态,采用Malmquist指数模型分析2012-2013年全要素生产率变化情况。 结果 17家公立医院年均综合效率由0.805提高至0.909,纯技术效率由0.842提高至0.915,规模效率由0.956提高至0.993,DEA有效的医院由6家(35.3%)增长至8家(47.1%);17家医院全要素生产率变动均值为1.037,技术变动指数平均值为0.903,效率变动平均值为1.148,纯效率变动指数均值为1.100,规模效率变动指数均值为1.043,10所医院全要素生产率提高,占比58.8%;7所医院全要素生产率降低,占比41.2%。 结论 17家医院综合效率整体较前一年有提升,但仍有部分医院存在资源利用不充分或过剩的问题;整体呈全要素生产率提高,但技术衰退明显。医院应将重点放在技术提升与人才培养上,并适度控制发展规模。     

北京市公立医院与民营医院全要素生产率变动比较分析

目的:评价北京市2006-2015年年间公立医院和民营医院的服务效率的动态变化,并比较分析公立医院与民营医院全要素生产率在不同区域和医改前后变动的差异,为提高公立医院、民营医院的服务效率提供参考。方法:运用数据包络分析的Malmquist指数模型对北京市2006-2015年的医院的全要素生产率变动进行分析。结果:2016-2015年年间,民营医院和公立医院的全要素生产率平均每年分别在以0.92%和3.88%的速度进步,公立医院得益于技术效率和生产技术的进步,民营医院更加依赖于生产技术的进步;不同区域和医改前后的公立医院和民营医院的全要素生产率变动趋势有显著差异。结论:公立医院全要素生产率进步速度高于民营医院主要源于技术效率的进步,民营医院应继续提高管理水平,公立医院要进一步提高规模效率,达到最佳适宜规模运营。同时卫生部门要合理配置卫生资源,进一步深化医疗卫生体制改革,提高公立医院和民营医院的服务效率。     

基于DEA-Malmquist模型的海南省县级公立医院运行效率及影响因素分析

[目的]了解海南省99家县级公立医院2015-2017年间的运行效率及影响因素,更好地推进海南省县级公立医院改革。[方法]通过DEA-Malmquist指数模型分析医院的效率以及全要素生产率,运用Tobit回归分析其影响因素。[结果] 2015-2017年,有46家医院的全要素生产率提高,有52家医院的全要素生产率降低,降幅介于0%~10%之间。[结论]海南省县级公立医院的全要素生产率有待提高,需要提高技术效率和规模效率,加强医联体与城乡一体化建设,促进医院精细化管理。     

基于Malmquist指数的北京三级医院全要素生产率分析

目的测量综合三级医院全要素生产率的变化状况,为提高医院运营效率提供决策依据和参考。方法收集北京市12所三甲医院2007～2009年3年面板数据（4项投入指标,5项产出指标）,应用数据包络分析（DEA）的Malmquist模型进行分析。结果3年间样本医院全要素生产率的年平均增长率为33．7％,进一步分解发现：技术进步年均增长率为达到33．4％,技术效率、纯技术效率增长率分别为0．2％,而规模效率没有变化。结论北京地区三级综合医院全要素生产率增长较为显著,其增长贡献主要来源于技术进步,并且不存在技术衰退;为最大限度提高医院生产率,应加强医院内部管理,激发技术效率和规模效率;在医院生产率测量和效率评价研究中,宜吸收患者和公共利益维度的评价指标。     

安徽省县级综合公立医院运行效率评价

目的了解安徽省县级综合公立医院运行效率动态变化,发现同类各家医院的效率差异及其原因,以提高医院整体运行效率。方法采用RD-Malmquist指数分析29家县级医院10年来的全要素生产率(total factor productivity,TFP)及其分解项的变化趋势。结果 (1)2007—2016年29家县级医院总体TFP为1.058,其中纯技术变化(pure technological change,PTC)和规模变化因子(scale change,SCH)的年均增长率分别为2.1%、3.2%,纯效率变化(pure efficiency change,PEC)均数接近1。进一步分析发现,TFP增长主要是由技术进步所致。(2)TFP、PTC、SCH在2006—2017年期间波动幅度较大,尤其是2012和2014年。(3)93.10%的样本医院TFP大于1,且医院间效率存在一定差距,其中TFP范围为0.993～1.338,PTC为0.789～1.181,SCH为0.916～1.269。结论 90%以上的县级医院全要素生产率呈增长趋势,且其增长主要由技术进步导致,纯技术效率和规模效率发挥作用不明显;县级医院除了着力提升技术创新能力外,还应兼顾有效的管理水平,以及适宜的发展规模,从而整体提升医院的综合运行效率,缩小同级别医院之间的效率差距。     

基于DEA-Malmquist指数的某医改典型试点城市公立医院运营绩效评价

目的通过对某典型医改试点城市17家不同类型的公立医院的运营绩效进行分析,为该市提高公立医院运营绩效提出相关建议,为深化医改、促进现代化医院建设提供参考依据。方法使用DEA-Malmquist指数方法对该市17家不同类型的公立医院的运营效率进行测算分析,得出各个医院的综合技术效率、技术效率和规模效率,全要素生产率及其分解情况。结果 "十三五"期间,A市公立医院的卫生资源投入不断增加,53%(9家)的医院处于规模报酬递减状态,47%(8家)的医院处于规模报酬不变状态,2016—2019年总体效率为0.878,规模效率和技术效率分别为0.958、0.913,全要素生产率分别为0.998、1.023、0.966。结论技术效率的提升是全要素生产率提升的关键,该市公立医院需要进一步加强运营绩效管理,通过技术进步和规模调整等方式提升医院运营绩效。通过转变发展方式,防止医院规模过度扩张,推行精细化管理,实现高质量发展。     

新医改背景下县级公立医院规模效率变化情况分析

目的研究新医改以来山东省部分县级公立医院综合效率、技术效率和规模效率变化情况。方法通过现场调研、数据整理和分析等过程,利用数据包络分析法(DEA),测算从2010—2013年山东省10个县级公立医院的综合效率、技术效率和规模效率得分情况。结果自新医改以来,10家县级公立医院中,有4家医院的规模收益不变,一直保持较好的运行效率;有2家医院一直处于规模收益递增;有1家医院一直处于规模收益递减;其他3家医院规模收益增减互现。结论新医改以来,随着诸多改革政策的深入实施,对医疗机构运行的影响逐步显现,特别是县级公立医院的生产规模,呈现不同程度的分化状态。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.