医院感染革兰阳性球菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌分布及耐药特点，为临床治疗提供依据。方法对某院2006年临床送检的8719份标本，常规培养、分离细菌并采用VITEK-2和API系统鉴定；纸片扩散法和肉汤稀释法对细菌进行药敏试验；WHONET5．4和SPSS11．5统计软件对数据进行统计分析。结果共分离细菌3584株（41．11％），其中G^＋菌777株（21．68％），主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）259株，金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）234株，肠球菌属（ENT）156株。其中分离耐甲氧西林SA（MRSA）123株（占SA52．56％），耐甲氧西林CNS（MRCNS）214株（占CNS82．63％），粪肠球菌41株（占ENT26．28％），屎肠球菌107株（占ENT68．59％）。未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌属和粪肠球菌，发现1株对替考拉宁和万古霉素同时耐药和3株对万古霉素中介耐药的屎肠球菌；屎肠球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌（P〈0．01）；肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为64．28％。结论此次分离的G^＋菌以球菌为主，其中的葡萄球菌属以MRSA和MRCNS为主；分离到对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的屎肠球菌，以及对青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌；屎肠球菌耐药性高于粪肠球菌。     

金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属对17种抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的调查金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。方法收集医院2005—2006年临床分离的138株金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属，琼脂稀释法检测17种抗菌药物对分离菌的最低抑菌浓度（MICs），数据分析采用wHONET5．3软件。结果耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRsA）占金黄色葡萄球菌20．7％，MRSA对万古霉素和替考拉宁仍高度敏感（100．0％），MIC50和MIC90分别为0．5和1．0μg／ml，氟喹诺酮类、复方新诺明、红霉素和克林霉素对MRSA的抗菌活性均较差（敏感率0～33．3％）；粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感（100．0％），其次哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和氨苄西林（97．2％～100．0％）；屎肠球菌仅万古霉素和替考拉宁高度敏感（100．0％），MRSA、MSSA、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类均存在明显的交叉耐药。结论医院MRSA和屎肠球菌对多种抗菌药物高度耐药，应加强病原菌耐药性的监测。     

产色琼脂培养基对耐万古霉素肠球菌属医院感染的快速诊断价值

目的比较ChromID VRE产色琼脂培养基与其他2种方法检测和鉴定耐万古霉素肠球菌属（VRE）。方法采用WHONET软件统计北京朝阳医院2003年6月-2007年3月分离出的VRE，收集这段时间存活的60株VRE，经MicroScanWalkAway系统再鉴定确认到种；多重聚合酶链反应（multiplexPCR）及序列分析确定糖肽类耐药基因的基因型做为金标准；采用ChromID VRE产色琼脂培养基、万古霉素平皿筛选法比较VRE的检测情况。结果PCR和序列分析证明18株为vanB基因型，均为粪肠球菌，42株为vanA基因型，均为屎肠球菌；ChromID VRE产色琼脂培养基的符合率为100％，万古霉素平皿筛选法的符合率为100％。结论ChromID VRE产色琼脂培养基在鉴定VRE的同时能区别粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌，可以对VRE进行快速、可信地鉴定与检测，对VRE医院感染控制有重要作用。     

屎肠球菌耐药特性及其对万古霉素MIC值的变迁

目的 了解屎肠球菌的临床感染特点和耐药特性,监测屎肠球菌对万古霉素MIC值的变迁,为指导临床用药,控制感染提供依据.方法 VITEK-60型全自动微生物分析仪检测屎肠球菌对临床常用抗菌药物的敏感性,E-test法检测160株屎肠球菌对万古霉素的MIC值.结果 2005-2008年屎肠球菌对青霉素、左氧氟沙星和高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率均＞50.0％,四环素的耐药率较低,历年均有万古霉素耐药菌株检出,4年间分离株对万古霉素MIC值均数分别为1.88、1.69、1.70、1.82 μg/ml,结果变化不大,对其中一株耐万古霉素屎肠球菌进行基因型检测,证实为vanA型.结论 屎肠球菌耐药情况严重,并有一定比例的万古霉素耐药菌株检出,但万古霉素敏感株历年的MIC值变化不明显.     

临床感染常见肠球菌的耐药现状分析

目的 了解引起临床感染的常见肠球菌耐药现状，为临床抗肠球菌感染提供选药依据。方法采用VITEK32全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪及配套鉴定、药敏板监测172株粪肠球菌和68株屎肠球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率。补充药敏试验采用KB纸片扩散法。结果粪肠球菌对青毒素、氨苄西林的耐药率分别为23．26％和19．76％，而屎肠球菌对上述两药的耐药率分别为85．62％和90．83％；粪肠球菌对利福平、呋喃妥因、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为32．33％、18．98％、39．05％，而屎肠球菌对上述药的耐药率分别为84．63％、35．29％、75.00％；经统计分析，粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌的耐药率差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。粪肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素（500mg／L）、链霉素（2000mg／L）的耐药率分别是54．85％、51．74％，而屎肠球菌却为71．16％、70．15oA；发现1株粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药。结论屎肠球菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌，应根据肠球菌的种类和药敏试验结果确定用药方案；警惕耐万古霉素肠球菌的出现，动态监测肠球菌的耐药状况对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

肠球菌临床株对常用抗菌药物的敏感性分析

目的：检测肠球菌临床株对去甲万古霉素、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、红霉素等5种抗菌药的敏感性，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：用琼脂平板稀释法检测5种抗菌药对78株肠球菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：抗菌药对肠球菌的MIC值以去甲万古霉素最低、红霉素最高；未检出耐去甲万古霉素的肠球菌，肠球菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、红霉素的耐药率分别为：16．7％、53．8％、74．4％、82．1％。屎肠球菌对氨苄西林和环丙沙星耐药率较粪肠球菌高（P〈0．05）。结论：肠球菌对临床常用抗菌药以万古霉素最敏感，对其它抗菌药存在不同程度耐药，临床应根据药敏试验结果选择有效的抗菌药，同时应针对不同肠球菌种采用不同的治疗方案。     

耐万古霉素屎肠球菌耐药基因的研究

目的了解耐万古霉素屎肠球菌(VREFm)的基因存在状况,有利于临床治疗选药。方法依据2008年美国临床实验室标准化研究所推荐的纸片扩散法和琼脂稀释法,对VREFm进行药敏试验;PCR方法检测万古霉素和其他耐药基因的情况。结果万古霉素、替考拉宁、红霉素、青霉素G、四环素、利福平、克林霉素和高浓度庆大霉素均耐药,呋喃妥因、左氧氟沙星和利奈唑胺均为敏感,万古霉素MIC值为128μg/ml,基因表型为VanA,还检出TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因、ermB和mefA型红霉素耐药基因、aac(6′)-aph(2″)双功能酶编码基因和ant(6)-Ⅰ核苷酸转移酶编码基因。结论耐万古霉素屎肠球菌存在多种耐药基因。     

耐氨苄西林肠球菌β-内酰胺酶及基因的检测

目的采用不同方法检测耐氨苄西林肠球菌的β-内酰胺酶，以提高β-内酰胺酶的检出率，指导临床选药治疗。方法根据美国CLSI指南做药敏试验，用头孢硝噻吩纸片法和试管法检测β-内酰胺酶及PCR检测blaZ基因，单链构象多态性（SSCP）检测pbp4的基因突变。结果耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对青霉素、高浓度庆大霉素、高浓度链霉素、左氧氟沙星、红霉素、四环素、氯霉素、利福平的耐药率分别为100％、100％；86％、76％；46％、44％；84％、74％；100％、94％；54％、58％；42％、36％；62％、58％，未发现耐万古霉素菌株；50株粪肠球菌纸片法争内酰胺酶阳性率为8％，试管法26％；PCR检测blaZ基因的阳性率为88％；50株屎肠球菌纸片法未检测出阳性菌株，试管法检出的阳性率为2％；PCR检测blaZ基因阳性率为22％；50株粪肠球菌经SSCP分析及测序未发现有义突变位点。结论由争内酰胺酶介导的耐氨苄西林粪肠球菌检出率明显高于屎肠球菌，PCR法优于头孢硝噻吩法，头孢硝噻吩法中试管法较纸片法检出阳性率高。     

某医院临床分离肠球菌药敏分析

目的了解肠球菌的体外抗菌药物敏感性，为临床合理用药提供参考。方法用MicroScan WalkAway 96SI全自动微生物鉴定和药敏系统对从四川大学华西医院临床分离的409株肠球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验，对菌株标本来源、科室分布及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果2006—2007年共分离出409株肠球菌，常见的是粪肠球菌（47．2％）、屎肠球菌（41．8％）和酪黄肠球菌（8．1％）；临床标本前5位依次是尿液（30．1％）、分泌物（20．5％）、腹水（15．4％）、血液（9．8％）和胆汁（7．1％）；临床科室分离菌株数量前5位是普外科（16．6％）、ICU（11．7％）、骨外科（11．5％）、内分泌科（9．0％）和感染科（8．8％）。抗菌药物药敏试验结果显示，粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率最低，对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因的耐药率低于12％，对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和利福平的耐药率为40％～48％，对红霉素和四环素的耐药率为66％～75％，高耐链霉素和高耐庆大霉素分离率分别是45．1％和60．1％。除四环素外，酪黄肠球菌比粪肠球菌更耐药，而屎肠球菌是最耐药的。结论临床分离的以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和酪黄肠球菌常见，主要来源于尿液、分泌物和腹水。除四环素外，耐药性从低到高依次是粪肠球菌、酪黄肠球菌和屎肠球菌，万古霉素耐药率最低。     

耐氯霉素肠球菌乙酰转移酶基因检测及同源性分析

目的检测耐氯霉素肠球菌乙酰转移酶(CAT)基因,并对耐氯霉素肠球菌进行同源性分析,为临床治疗与预防提供依据。方法根据美国临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)指南做药敏试验,用PCR方法检测CAT基因,并测序;用重复基因外回文序列-聚合酶链反应(REP-PCR)对耐氯霉素肠球菌进行基因分型;用Cross Checker软件和SPSS11.0软件对指纹图谱进行同源性分析。结果耐氯霉素肠球菌分离率为21.9%;30株耐氯霉素肠球菌均检测出CAT基因,对复方新诺明和克林霉素均100.0%耐药,其耐药率为红霉素86.7%、高浓度庆大霉素为66.7%、高浓度链霉素为86.7%、达福普汀为90.0%、四环素为93.3%;有3组粪肠球菌、2株屎肠球菌各具有100.0%同源性。结论耐氯霉素肠球菌对多种抗菌药物耐药;CAT基因介导了肠球菌属对氯霉素的耐药;REP-PCR是一种操作简便、快速、低廉的肠球菌基因分型方法。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.