我国环境卫生学的发展历程和展望

我国环境卫生学的发展历程 环境卫生学(environmental health/environmental hygiene)是当今我国预防医学领域里最为活跃的学科之一.作为研究自然环境和生活环境与人群健康关系的科学,它的特定使命是揭示环境因素对人群健康影响的发生、发展规律;识别、评价、利用或控制与人群健康有关的各种环境因素,达到维护人群健康的目的.在我国社会和经济快速发展和国家构建和谐社会的大环境下,环境卫生学更是担当了重要的历史使命.环境卫生学是预防医学的重要分支学科,同时又是环境科学的重要组成部分,是一门医学科学与环境科学相融合的学科,也是一门实践性很强的应用学科.近20余年来,环境卫生学还与其他有关学科结合形成了一些新的分支学科,诸如环境毒理学、环境流行病学、环境微生物学、环境监测学、环境基因组学等.多学科、多专业的介入不仅为环境卫生学注入了新的活力,也大大丰富了环境卫生学的研究方法、拓宽了环境卫生学的研究内容[1-2].     

环境与健康杂志稿约

《环境与健康杂志》是环境卫生学和环境医学专业学术性期刊。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境医学、环境科学、生命科学、环境保护及相关预防医学专业工作者,各大专院校预防医学、环境科学和生命科学专业的师生等。1本刊欢迎下列稿件1.1各种环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法;1.2环境与健康安全评估及策略研究;1.3预防控制疾病、促进健康的环境卫生措施、对策及其评估;     

环境与健康杂志稿约

正《环境与健康杂志》是环境卫生学和环境医学专业学术性期刊。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境医学、环境科学、生命科学、环境保护及相关预防医学专业工作者,各大专院校预防医学、环境科学和生命科学专业的师生等。1本刊欢迎下列稿件1.1各种环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法;1.2环境与健康安全评估及策略研究;1.3预防控制疾病、促进健康的环境卫生措施、对策及其评估;1.4环境与健康监测,卫生监督经验和效果;     

环境与健康杂志稿约

<正>《环境与健康杂志》是环境卫生学和环境医学专业学术性期刊。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境医学、环境科学、生命科学、环境保护及相关预防医学专业工作者,各大专院校预防医学、环     

浅谈社会需要与环境卫生学的发展

<正> 环境卫生学是预防医学的重要组成部分,是研究自然环境和生活环境与人群健康的关系,揭示环境因素对人群健康影响的发生、发展规律,为充分利用环境中对人群健康的有利因素,消除和改善环境中的不利因素提出卫生要求和预防对策,并配合有关部门做好环境立法、环境卫生管理和监督工作,以保护生态环境平稳、增进人体健康,提高整个人群健康水平的科学。环境卫生学又是环境科学的重要分支学科,对于保护生态环境、促进人类健康,将起到不可替代的作用。     

环境与健康杂志稿约

正《环境与健康杂志》是环境卫生学和环境医学专业学术性期刊。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境医学、环境科学、生命科学、环境保护及相关预防医学专业工作者,各大专院校预防医学、环境科学和生命科学专业的师生等。1本刊欢迎下列稿件1.1各种环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法;1.2环境健康风险评估及策略研究;1.3预防控制疾病、促进健康的环境卫生措施、对策及其评估;1.4环境与健康监测,卫生监督经验和效果;1.5具有指导意义的述评、专题报告、综述、讲座及有实际参考     

环境与健康杂志稿约

<正>《环境与健康杂志》是环境卫生学和环境医学专业学术性期刊。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境医学、环境科学、生命科学、环境保护及相关预防医学专业工作者,各大专院校预防医学、环境科学和生命科学专业的师生等。1本刊欢迎下列稿件1.1各种环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法;1.2环境健康风险评估及策略研究;     

欢迎订阅2015年《环境与健康杂志》

<正>《环境与健康杂志》是由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,中华预防医学会和天津市疾病预防控制中心联合主办的环境卫生学专业刊物,入选中文核心期刊、中国科技论文核心期刊、生物医学核心期刊,被国内外多种数据库收录。主要报道环境与健康、环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的科学研究新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法等。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境     

欢迎订阅2016年《环境与健康杂志》

<正>《环境与健康杂志》是由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,中华预防医学会和天津市疾病预防控制中心联合主办的环境卫生学专业刊物,入选中文核心期刊、中国科技论文核心期刊、生物医学核心期刊,被国内外多种数据库收录。主要报道环境与健康、环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的科学研究新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法等。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境     

欢迎订阅2015年《环境与健康杂志》

<正>《环境与健康杂志》是由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,中华预防医学会和天津市疾病预防控制中心联合主办的环境卫生学专业刊物,入选中文核心期刊、中国科技论文核心期刊、生物医学核心期刊,被国内外多种数据库收录。主要报道环境与健康、环境因素及其演变对人群健康影响的科学研究新理论、新成果、新技术和新方法等。主要读者对象为环境卫生学、环境     

Public health engineering education in India: current scenario, opportunities and challenges

Public health engineering can play an important and significant role in solving environmental health issues. In order to confront public health challenges emerging out of environmental problems we need adequately trained public health engineers / environmental engineers. Considering the current burden of disease attributable to environmental factors and expansion in scope of applications of public health / environmental engineering science, it is essential to understand the present scenario of teaching, training and capacity building programs in these areas. Against this background the present research was carried out to know the current teaching and training programs in public health engineering and related disciplines in India and to understand the potential opportunities and challenges available. A systematic, predefined approach was used to collect and assemble the data related to various teaching and training programs in public health engineering / environmental engineering in India. Public health engineering / environmental engineering education and training in the country is mainly offered through engineering institutions, as pre-service and in-service training. Pre-service programs include diploma, degree (graduate) and post-graduate courses affiliated to various state technical boards, institutes and universities, whereas in-service training is mainly provided by Government of India recognized engineering and public health training institutes. Though trainees of these programs acquire skills related to engineering sciences, they significantly lack in public health skills. The teaching and training of public health engineering / environmental engineering is limited as a part of public health programs (MD Community Medicine, MPH, DPH) in India. There is need for developing teaching and training of public health engineering or environmental engineering as an interdisciplinary subject. Public health institutes can play an important and significant role in this regard by engaging themselves in initiating specialized programs in this domain.     

Schools of public health in the United States of America

Some general practical information on the structure and functions of schools of public health in the United States is provided. The first such school was begun in 1916 and there are now 24 accredited schools in the U.S. with a total of more than 10,500 degree-students enrolled, producing more than 3,500 graduates each year. All schools of public health contain departments or programs in biostatistics, epidemiology, environmental health, and health services administration. Other disciplines vary to some extent between schools. To maintain teaching standards, all schools are regularly reviewed and accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health. All schools offer at least the Master of Public Health degree and, most schools, doctoral degrees. In addition to teaching, research is the other main focus of schools of public health. Research funding is usually obtained through a process of competitive grant application writing. Schools of public health maintain close cooperative linkages with each other, as well as with medical schools and departments of health. Graduates usually have no difficulty in obtaining employment.     

Environmental health and safety in the academic setting.

The academic institution can be viewed as a community within a community, with many environmental concerns similar to those of a municipality: private water supplies, housing, food sanitation, injury control, occupational health, radiation protection, waste control, etc. The complexity of a university environmental health and safety (EHS) program is closely related to the size of the college or university, and the type of program carried on by the institution (e.g., teaching hospital, agrigultural experiment stations, amount and variety of research programs). This paper seeks to convey information about environmental health and safety programs in colleges and universities which will be of help to environmental regulatory agencies as they interact with academic institutions. Understanding internal organizations and policy matters will make environmental regulatory agencies more effective as they interact with academic institutions. The extent of regulatory change now impacting on academic institutions is also discussed.     

The relevance of problem-based instruction to learning about environmental health

This article examines the essence of problem-based instruction and its successful use in teaching classes in environmental health, The author describes experience gained from this style of teaching and recommends how to apply it in the academy to teach environmental public health courses.     

Beyond toxicity: human health and the natural environment

Research and teaching in environmental health have centered on the hazardous effects of various environmental exposures, such as toxic chemicals, radiation, and biological and physical agents. However, some kinds of environmental exposures may have positive health effects. According to E.O. Wilson's "biophilia" hypothesis, humans are innately attracted to other living organisms. Later authors have expanded this concept to suggest that humans have an innate bond with nature more generally. This implies that certain kinds of contact with the natural world may benefit health. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is presented from four aspects of the natural world: animals, plants, landscapes, and wilderness. Finally, the implications of this hypothesis for a broader agenda for environmental health, encompassing not only toxic outcomes but also salutary ones, are discussed. This agenda implies research on a range of potentially healthful environmental exposures, collaboration among professionals in a range of disciplines from public health to landscape architecture to city planning, and interventions based on research outcomes.     

深圳市某区学校教学环境监测结果分析

目的 了解深圳市某区学校教学环境卫生状况,为制定相关卫生政策、改善学校卫生环境提供依据.方法 采用分层抽样的方式,抽取该区17所学校102个班(教室),并对监测结果进行评价分析.结果 17所学校课桌、课椅分配符合率较低,分别为6.20％、14.63％,中学人均面积高于小学和九年制学校人均面积,后墙反射系数和环境噪声合格率仅为0.00％.结论 深圳市某区学校教学环境卫生问题,应引起有关部门的重视,采取有效的措施,保障师生身体健康.     

Environmental Florence Nightingales: nursing's new front line

Nurses comprise the largest health professional group in terms of number, and they can be found in almost every health care setting, including homes, schools, work sites, and hospitals. To a large extent, nurses have always been aware of environmental factors when doing their job, but the definition of environmental health nursing is being expanded. Today, in addition to considering the possibility of environmental influences when taking patient health histories, evaluating symptoms, and conducting community assessments, nurses may change environmental conditions of affected individuals or populations through direct care, teaching, advocacy, and public policy initiatives. Nurses are helping patients evaluate the relative risks of various types of environmental exposures, such as lead. And they are also playing a key role in establishing a national tracking system of environmental health as well as in conducting patient research.     

An integrated course in occupational medicine. A proposed teaching program based on the new organization of the degree course in medicine and surgery]

The curriculum of Italian Medical School of the Faculty of Medicine has been recently renewed at a national level. Considering the numerous innovations introduced, a new role has been attributed to the teaching of occupational health, particularly occupational medicine. Occupational Medicine is usually regarded as a part of community medicine and, despite the fact that occupational disease may be in decline in industrially developed countries, the increasing concern regarding environmental pollution related health effects, stress the relevance of the methodologies already formulated within the occupational health disciplines. Of all environmental factors, occupational medicine has contributed largely to the knowledge about the health effects of occupation and its role in the complex problem at work related to today's medical students as a way of introducing the appreciation of worldwide environmental effects and how to measure, monitor and modify them. In this article the content of the occupational health course is revised and according to the principles of modern medical pedagogy, the teaching is divided in primary and secondary objectives and organized to the resolution of real problems. The importance of the relevant evidences of clinical occupational medicine is discussed and their insertion into other clinical disciplines is proposed. The knowledge of distribution, recognition, management and prevention of the major occupational diseases is a final target of the teaching. The introduction of innovative teaching methods such as factory visits, case history discussion or role playing exercises is suggested as an integrated, multidisciplinary approach able to promote the preventive attitude of students. The efficacy of the teaching has to be evaluated with appropriate methods every time, to verify both informative and formative aspects.     

Environmental and occupational medicine and injury prevention: education and impact,classroom and community

The core value guiding the work of physicians and health workers, including those in Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology and Medicine and Injury Prevention, is to protect the health of the public, especially its most vulnerable individuals. In these fields, we emphasize teaching the use of epidemiology, the core discipline of public health, as a tool for early detection and prevention of disease and injury, as well as an instrument for hypothesis testing. The classic core topics are toxic and physical exposures and their effects, and strategies for their prevention; emerging issues are child labor, mass violence, and democide. In environmental health, students need to be prepared for the reality that the most important and severe problems are often the most difficult to investigate, solve, and evaluate. The following are some recommendations for producing graduates who are effective in protecting communities from environmental hazards and risks: (1) Teach the precautionary principle and its application; (2) Evaluate programs for teaching environmental and occupational health, medicine and epidemiology in schools of public health by their impact on the WHO health indicators and their impact on measures of ecosystem sustainability; (3) Develop problem-oriented projects and give academic credit for projects with definable public health impact and redefine the role of the health officer as the chief resident for Schools of Public Health and Community Medicine; (4) Teach the abuses of child labor and working conditions of women in the workplace and how to prevent the hazards and risks from the more common types of child work; (5) Upgrade teaching of injury prevention and prevention of deaths from external causes; (6) Teach students to recognize the insensitivity of epidemiology as a tool for early detection of true risk; (7) Teach the importance of context in the use of tests of statistical significance; (8) Teach the epidemiologic importance of short latency periods from high exposures as sentinel events for later group risk for cancer and stating the case for action; (9) Protect students and colleagues who are whistleblowers in environmental health from harassment and punishment; (10) Develop curricula and workshops that promote the use of epidemiologic tools for preventing genocide, democide, and their precursors. Schools of Public Health and Community Medicine are at the interface between the resources of academic power and the major problems of community health. Implementing the above recommendations will strengthen academic investigation and impact.     

Optimizing environmental health training outcomes: a case study of tribal and nontribal trainees

Approximately 80 percent of the public health workforce lacks formal public health education, thus necessitating ongoing professional development training programs to ensure the delivery of essential environmental public health services. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature describing changes in workplace performance directly related to training program attendance. The purpose of the study reported here, which was conducted in the spirit of Essential Public Health Service 8 ("assure a competent workforce"), was to examine training style efficacy and changes in performance among Native Americans and non-Native Americans related to attendance at a two-day professional development course in March 2006. Pre- and post-training knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) surveys were administered to a subset of training program attendees. The pre-training survey mapped demographic information and assessed prior knowledge and practices associated with environmental health communications. The post-survey was administered three months after the program to measure changes in these key factors, as well as responses to workshop teaching styles. Data analysis suggests teaching styles did not have a significant impact on the transfer and retention of knowledge among Native Americans and non-Native Americans; however, Native Americans preferred a conversational approach, while non-Native Americans articulated a preference for visual, content-rich presentations. Non-native Americans reported using skills and techniques learned in the workshop more frequently than did their Native-American counterparts.