3种煤尘细胞毒性与其成纤维细胞效应的关系

采用ＳＥＭ／ＥＤＸＳ和ＸＰＤ检测不同变质期３种煤尘的化学元素和矿物成分．将不同浓度的煤尘作用于大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（ＡＭ），测定粉尘－ＡＭ上清液中ＰＧＥ２、ＭＤＡ、ＬＤＨ含量和细胞存活率。将煤尘和标准石英作用过的粉尘－ＡＭ上清液，再作用于成纤维细胞。选用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ同位素掺入法、ＭＴＴ法和放射自显影法，检测２ＢＳ细胞的增殖能力；对二甲氨基苯甲酸法测定２ＢＳ细胞胶原合成；在透射电镜下，观察２ＢＳ细胞超微结构变化．并测算其粗面内质网的扩张程度．结果显示：３种煤尘细胞毒性大小顺序Ａ＞Ｍ＞Ｆ，并不与其致纤维化效应强弱的顺序（Ｆ＞Ａ＞Ｍ）相一致。这可能与其矿物成分有关。     

铝矾土矿粉尘作业工人五例尸检的病理研究

目的 研究铝矾土尘肺病理学特点和尘性病变组织形态的发生过程。方法 对5例死亡的铝矾土矿接尘工人尸检肺脏进行病理学观察分析。结果 粉尘沉积性尘斑是铝矾土尘肺最常见的尘性病变。尘性纤维化有两种表现：一种是非灶性间质纤维组织增生，另一种是尘斑内纤维组织增生，进一步发展可以形成非典型尘肺结节。结论 铝矾土尘肺的病理特点不完全同于金属铝和氧化铝尘肺，铝矾土尘肺属混合性尘肺，特征性病变是尘斑气肿伴尘性间质纤维化。尘肺患者肺内感染和并发肺肿瘤，特别是并发肺结核，能促进尘性纤维化过程加快。胸膜增厚、肺癌与接触铝矾土粉尘的关系应引起重视。     

铸造作业生产过程中有害因素及其特点分析

通过定期监测铸造生产环境中的粉尘、毒物浓度及噪声强度,并进行１７年动态观察,总结了综合性治理措施,用电子扫描显微镜能散Ｘ线分析（ＳＥＭ－ＥＤＳ）方法对铸造粉尘表面成分进行了分析。结果表明,清理、造型、配砂、制芯、熔化和落砂等工序游离ＳｉＯ２含量均超过１０％,分散度小于５μｍ的可吸入性粉尘偏高（６９．５％～７８％）,空气中矽尘没有Ａｌ的包裹,是新鲜的粉尘,致病性强。采取综合性防治措施后,粉尘、毒物浓     

医用X线车所摄胸片质量分析

医用Ｘ线车可深入工矿、学校,开展大规模的尘肺普查和健康监护,在预防保健和经济效益方面起着重要的作用。但此车因流动性大、工作条件不稳定和各方面的因素,对胸片质量产生不利影响,甚至关系到尘肺的诊断和胸部其它疾病的早期发现。随机抽取某厂５１２名接尘工人集检之胸片,将影响胸片质量的主要因素分析如下。 材料与方法１机器设备　日立ＤＷＭ－１２１０Ｊ医用Ｘ线车,载有ＰＧ－ＢＴ－１２ＪＸ线发生装置（４００ｍＡ）,ＵＧ－５ＭＥ－０３Ｔ１．５ｍｍｘ１．５ｍｍ旋转阳极三极Ｘ线管,ＧＷＭ－Ｓ－１２１０Ｋ高电压发生装置,…     

搪瓷喷花工尘肺致病因素的卫生学调查

目的通过现场职业调查探明搪瓷喷花粉尘的性质。方法对搪瓷粉尘中的游离性二氧化矽分散度进行分析，并对空气中的粉尘浓度进行测定。结果搪瓷生料中以α－ＳｉＯ２为主，当经过８００～１３００℃的高温熔炼后，通过Ｘ射线衍射测定熟料中是一种硅酸盐混合物。结论搪瓷喷花作业的尘肺致病因素是硅酸盐混合物。     

库尔特MD10血球计数仪改MD18的方法

１软件库尔特ＭＤ１０（Ｅ版本）在一张高密小盘上载有：（１）ＤＯＳ５．０系统文件５个：ＩＯ．ＳＹＳ、ＭＳ－ＤＯＳ．ＳＹＳ、ＣＯＭＭＡＮＤ．ＣＯＭ、ＨＩＭＥＭ．ＳＹＳ、ＲＡＭ－ＤＲＩＶＥＲ·ＳＹＳ。其中前三个文件是ＤＯＳ的核心，完成操作系统的基本功能；ＨＩＭＥＭ．ＳＹＳ可以提供上位内存，ＲＡＭＤＲＩＶＥＲ．ＳＹＳ可用建立一个虚拟盘。（２）系统配置、自动批处理文件各１个：ＣＯＮ－ＦＩＧ．ＳＹＳ、ＡＵＴＯＥＸＥＣ．ＢＡＴ。前者为程序的运行提供运行环境，包括用ＨＩＭＥＭ．ＳＹＳ开辟上位内存和用ＲＡＭＤＲＩ…     

煤工尘肺发生早期的自由基代谢变化

为探讨煤工尘肺发生早期的自由基代谢变化,系统测定５４ 例Ⅰ期煤工尘肺患者,５９ 例 Ｘ 线表现尚不足以诊断为Ⅰ期尘肺的０ ＋ 人群及４０ 例健康对照者血液中的过氧化脂质（ Ｌ Ｐ Ｏ） 、唾液酸（ Ｓ Ａ） 、谷胱甘肽（ Ｇ Ｓ Ｈ） 、维生素 Ａ（ Ｖ Ａ） 、维生素 Ｅ（ Ｖ Ｅ） 含量及超氧化物歧化酶（ Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ） 、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ Ｇ Ｓ Ｈ Ｐｘ） 和过氧化氢酶（ Ｃ Ａ Ｔ） 活力。结果显示,０ ＋ 组人群及Ⅰ期煤工尘肺患者体内 Ｌ Ｐ Ｏ 及 Ｓ Ａ 水平均明显高于对照组,而 Ｇ Ｓ Ｈ Ｐｘ , Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 活力及 Ｖ Ａ、 Ｖ Ｅ 含量则较对照组明显降低, Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ则呈代偿性增加。表明自由基代谢紊乱及氧化／ 抗氧化状态失衡的变化早于煤工尘肺诊断的 Ｘ 线影像学改变。     

接触水泥粉尘工人尸检病理研究

对21例接触水泥生产中各类粉尘的工人尸检表明肺内尘源性病变有:尘班、尘斑周肺气肿、有的尚伴有混合尘结节和大块纤维化。采用分析电镜及X 线衍射方法对肺内病灶中的粉尘作了定性、定量分析,证明了肺内粉尘与各自生前工作现场粉尘一致,从而证明了水泥生产中产生的各类粉尘都能致尘肺。     

乙醇对雄性生殖内分泌系统的损害及其机制

目的研究乙醇对雄性生殖内分泌系统损害机制。方法测定饮酒和酒精中毒者血Ｔ、ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ、Ｅ２、ＬＤＨ、ＬＤＨ－Ｘ、Ｇ－６ＰＤ水平和乙醇染毒大鼠血和睾丸匀浆Ｔ、ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ、ＭＤＡ、ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ、ＣＡＴ、－ＳＨ水平。结果３０００、４０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ染毒７０天大鼠血Ｔ明显下降,ＬＨ、Ｅ２、ＦＳＨ升高,血和睾丸匀浆ＭＤＡ明显升高,而ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ－ＳＨ明显下降,饮酒和酒精中毒者血Ｔ明显下降,     

DX数字减影DGTEST程序的应用

ＤＧＴＥＳＴ是一种用于诊断美国ＧＥ公司数字减影ＤＸＨＩＬＩＮＥＶＤＰ（视频数字处理）硬件系统的检测程序,由ＰＡＳＣＡＬ语言写成,其主要性能有：１．在ＤＸ系统控制台或遥控台上独立对ＶＤＰ进行硬件测试;２．提供故障诊断在线帮助;３．ＶＤＰ硬件软件仿真等命令工具要运行ＤＧＴＥＳＴ程序,必须预先在ＤＸＨＩ－ＬＩＮＥ系统的软驱里安放一张引导磁盘,在ＶＥＲ－ＳＡＤＯＳ操作系统下“＝”产生后键入ＤＧＴＥＳＴ且回车,ＤＸ系统控制台对话监视器上就显示出如下的诊断主菜单：ＭＡＩＮＴＥＳＴＭＥＮＵ１—ＤＩＡＧＮＯＳＴ…     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.