非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的了解非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况,为临床合理有效使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法回顾性地分析医院2006-2009年住院患者临床送检标本经分离确证的126株非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,用K-B法测定非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对12种抗菌药物的耐药率。结果确证的非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌126株对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率70.00%,对头孢呋辛、氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、阿米卡星15.00%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦高度敏感,耐药率为2.38%。结论非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类、第一、二代头孢菌素耐药严重,对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷也存在不同程度的耐药,第三代头孢菌素和阿米卡星是临床治疗非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌感染的有效药物。     

肺结核患者产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的感染及耐药性分析

目的调查本院肺结核病与非结核病患者大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的感染及耐药现状. 方法搜集肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌下呼吸道感染共575株,ESBLs的检测用纸片扩散表型确证. 结果肺结核患者的肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株为34.9%、大肠埃希菌为60.5%;而非结核患者的ESBLs株感染率明显低,后者ESBLs株感染率分别为20.8%和48.0%,上述产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素第一、二代以及青霉素类、四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类呈高度耐受性,有38%～59%的产ESBLs对氨曲南和第三代头孢菌素耐药,但对氨基糖苷类和碳青酶烯类的敏感性较高. 结论肺结核患者继发下呼吸道感染中ESBLs的总检出率为56.2%,以大肠埃希菌为主,ESBLs菌广泛耐药,应高度重视产ESBLs株的检测和药物敏感性试验.     

乌鲁木齐地区超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株调查及耐药性分析

目的：了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分布及不产ESBLs菌株的耐药性、耐药特点，指导临床合理用药。方法：采用VITEK-32自动微生物分析仪及GNI^ 卡鉴定到种，药敏卡GNS/506进行药敏及ESBLs检测。结果：分离革兰阴性杆菌715株。其中大肠埃希菌128株，产ESBLs占22%；肺炎克雷伯菌69株，产ESBLs占14.5%。分离的38株均为高耐三代头孢菌素的ESBLs；从痰标本中分离的肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs占14.5%，大肠埃希菌产ESBLs占7%；尿中分离以大肠埃希菌为主，其中产ESBLs占14.8%；耐药性显示38株产ESBLs菌除对亚胺培南100%敏感，对其他护一素耐药率在50%-100%。结论：不产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素和头孢西丁的耐药率相对较低。肺炎克雷伯菌对氮基糖苷类和喹诺酮类的敏感率明显高于大肠埃希菌，对产ESBLs菌株治疗以亚胺培南最佳 。     

肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染的临床分布及其耐药现状,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对近两年临床分离的470株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用K-B法检测其对15种抗菌药物的耐药性,用三维试验检测AmpC酶和ESBLs.结果 菌株分离最多的临床科室是ICU和烧伤科,检出率最高的标本是痰液和创面;药敏结果表明,肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类,一、二代头孢菌素,喹诺酮类和复方新诺明等药物的耐药率51.1%～88.3%,第三、四代头孢菌素的耐药率为32.6%～40.4%,未发现对美罗培南耐药株,但有2株对亚胺培南耐药;共检出产ESBLs菌152株,检出率32.3%,检出产AmpC酶菌29株,检出率6.2%,其中有21株为同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶.结论 下呼吸道感染是肺炎克雷伯菌感染的最常见临床类型,ICU、烧伤科是医院感染的高危病区,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率日趋严重,应加强实验室检测和信息反馈.     

产酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯茵的检测及耐药性分析

目的 研究某医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和质粒AmpC酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况.方法 对2006年11月-2007年7月分离的139株大肠埃希菌和102株肺炎克雷伯菌分别采用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验检测质粒AmpC酶;并用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会2002年判断标准分析结果 .结果 139株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs、Ampc酶及ESBLs+ampC酶菌株的检出率分别为48.20%、9.35%、2.88%;102株肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs、AmpC酶及ESBLs+ampc酶菌株的检出率分别为55.88%、8.82%、2.94%.产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、单环酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.001～0.05).除碳青霉烯类及头孢他啶等抗生素外,产AmpC酶菌株对二、三代头孢菌素及喹诺酮类等药的耐药率均明显增高(P<0.001～0.05).结论 耐药酶的产生是导致细菌耐药的重要原因之一,合理使用抗菌药物对预防耐药菌的产生和控制医院感染非常重要.     

肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的检测及其质粒分析

目的了解武汉地区分离的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和AmpC酶的发生率、耐药情况及质粒型耐药基因。方法从该地区3家医院的重症监护病房(ICU)分离获得38株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用E-test法进行最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定;以美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的双纸片协同试验和确证试验检测ESBLs;酶提取物三维试验检测AmpC酶;质粒接合和消除试验检测耐药基因。结果产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为71.05%(27/38);产AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为13.16%(5/38);其中同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为5.26%(2/38)。产酶株对第三代头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类耐药率均较高,对亚胺培南、厄他培南等碳青霉烯类耐药率最低。通过质粒接合和消除试验,40%(4/10)产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和20%(1/5)产AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌检测到传播耐药的质粒。结论肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶是其对多种抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,其耐药扩散与细菌质粒的水平传播有关,对这些产酶株的监测和阻止其传播是控制肺炎克雷伯菌感染的重要措施。     

产酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的研究某医院产超广谱β 内酰胺酶( ESBLs)和质粒AmpC酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况。方法对2006年11月-2007年7月分离的139株大肠埃希菌和102株肺炎克雷伯菌分别采用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验检测质粒AmpC酶;并用K B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会 2002年判断标准分析结果。结果139株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs、AmpC酶及ESBLs+AmpC酶菌株的检出率分别为48.20%、9.35%、2.88%;102株肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs、AmpC酶及ESBLs+AmpC酶菌株的检出率分别为55.88%、8.82%、2.94%。产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、单环酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株（P＜0.001～0.05 ）。除碳青霉烯类及头孢他啶等抗生素外,产AmpC酶菌株对二、三代头孢菌素及喹诺酮类等药的耐药率均明显增高（P＜0.001～0.05 ）。结论耐药酶的产生是导致细菌耐药的重要原因之一,合理使用抗菌药物对预防耐药菌的产生和控制医院感染非常重要。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性研究

目的调查华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的流行情况,分析产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的耐药性。方法选择华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院细菌室2004年1-12月非重复分离肺炎克雷伯菌218株,标准纸片扩散法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶,琼脂稀释法检测其对15种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度。结果肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的流行率36.2%(79/218)。79株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对二代头孢菌素的耐药率大于90%;三代头孢头孢他啶的耐药率为41.0%,头孢噻肟的耐药率为61.0%;四代头孢(头孢吡肟)的耐药率为23.4%;头霉素类的头孢西丁的耐药率为58.5%;单环β-内酰胺类的氨曲南的耐药率为70.7%;三种含酶抑制剂抗菌药物的耐药率为26.8%～55.1%;氟喹诺酮类的环丙沙星、氨基糖苷类的庆大霉素、四环素的耐药率在55%～65%之间。上述所有抗菌药物的MIC50和MIC90均处于耐药范围。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶阴性肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率比较:阿米卡星差异有显著性,其他抗菌药物差异有极显著性。结论同济医院肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的流行率36.2%,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株对头孢菌素类、头霉素类、单环β-内酰胺类抗菌药物、含酶抑制剂药物、氟喹诺酮类及氨基糖苷类药物表现出较高的耐药率,仅碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南全部敏感。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解某院大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的分布及耐药特点。方法对该院2007年10月—2008年9月各科送检标本分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,采用双纸片扩散法进行ESBLs确证试验,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果分离出大肠埃希菌766株,其中产ESBLs株443株(57.83%);肺炎克雷伯菌632株,产ESBLs株355株(56.17%)。产酶菌株主要分离自痰(557株,69.80%)、尿(149株,18.67%)等标本。产ESBLs菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性高,对第一～三代头孢菌素类几乎全部耐药,对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类等存在交叉耐药。结论产ESBLs菌感染严重,以下呼吸道感染最多,其次为泌尿道感染;耐药率较高,亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对其保持较高的抗菌活性。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及耐药性分析 FREE

目的了解某院大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β 内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的分布及耐药特点。方法对该院2007年10月-2008年9月各科送检标本分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，采用双纸片扩散法进行ESBLs确证试验，K B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果分离出大肠埃希菌766株，其中产ESBLs株443株（57.83%）；肺炎克雷伯菌632株，产ESBLs株355株（56.17%）。产酶菌株主要分离自痰（557株，69.80%）、尿（149株，18.67%）等标本。产ESBLs菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性高，对第一～三代头孢菌素类几乎全部耐药，对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类等存在交叉耐药。结论产ESBLs菌感染严重，以下呼吸道感染最多，其次为泌尿道感染；耐药率较高，亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对其保持较高的抗菌活性。     

长春新碱过量引起严重毒副反应1例的护理体会

报道1例霍奇金淋巴瘤患者因误用长春新碱（VCR）10mg一次性静脉推注后治疗护理情况。其出现间断性神志恍惚、眼睑闭合不全、言语不清、口腔黏膜糜烂、全身疼痛、麻痹性肠梗阻、尿潴留、手足麻木等症状,经积极解救,禁食,持续胃肠减压、胃管内注入麻油、开塞露、生理盐水灌肠,合理应用肠外营养,注重疼痛、心理护理,做好口腔、肛周护理,预防感染加重,患者病情得到控制好转出院。     

Correlates of stages of change of smoking among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods

BACKGROUND: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of stages of change of smoking, in terms of psychosocial, structural and sociodemographic factors, among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from a survey on health related behaviour. Subjects were 2009 current and former smokers, aged 20-46, living in deprived neighbourhoods in Rotterdam, the second largest city in the Netherlands. Three groups of smokers were formed according to the stages of change-definitions of the Transtheoretical Model: smokers not planning to quit (precontemplators), smokers planning to quit (contemplators/preparators) and former smokers (actors/maintainers). Smokers planning to quit and smokers not planning to quit were compared regarding psychosocial factors (attitude, social norm, self-efficacy), structural factors (neighbourhood problems, material deprivation, financial problems, employment status) and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, marital status, cultural background, educational level). Former smokers were compared with smokers planning to quit regarding structural and sociodemographic factors. Logistic regression was used to assess correlates of stages of change. RESULTS: Smokers planning to quit (prevalence = 19%) reported a more positive attitude, stronger social norms and higher self-efficacy expectations in quitting smoking than smokers not planning to quit (prevalence = 57%). Smokers planning to quit less often were Dutch-born, more often had attended higher vocational schooling or university and more often reported experiencing two or more neighbourhood problems compared to smokers not planning to quit. Former smokers (prevalence = 24%) were older, more often Dutch-born, married, employed and higher educated, compared to smokers planning to quit. Furthermore, former smokers less often reported material deprivation and financial problems than smokers planning to quit. CONCLUSION: Among people living in deprived neighbourhoods, different factors correlate with different stages of change of smoking. Implications for health promotion are discussed.     

Choice of measures of vaccination and estimates of risk of pediatric pertussis

BackgroundVaccination uptake at the individual level can be assessed in a variety of ways, including traditional measures of being up-to-date (UTD), measures of UTD that consider dose timing, like age-appropriate vaccination, and risk reduction from individual doses. This analysis compared methods of operationalizing vaccination uptake and corresponding risk of pertussis infection.MethodsCity-wide case-control study of children in Philadelphia aged 3 months through 6 years, between 2001 and 2013. Multiple logistic regression was used to isolate the independent effects of each measure of vaccination uptake and the corresponding relative odds of pertussis.ResultsBeing UTD on vaccinations was associated with a 52% reduction in risk of pertussis (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.69). Evaluation of delayed receipt of vaccine versus on-time UTD yielded similar results. There was a decrease in risk of pertussis for each additional dose received with the greatest reduction in pertussis infection observed from the first (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.83) and second dose (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.34). Additional doses conferred minimal additional protection in this age group.ConclusionExamining vaccination status by individual doses may offer improved predictive capacity for identifying children at risk for pertussis infection compared to the traditional UTD measure.     

上海市某医院骨科平均住院日影响因素分析

对上海市某医院2003年-2007年骨科出院病人的住院日描述性分析．2003年-2007年骨科的床位利用指数与平均住院日相关性分析．2003年-2007年骨科床位与医护比例分析．2007年骨科前10大病种平均住院目影响因素分别进行单因素相关性分析和多因素逐步回归分析（STATA软件）。通过对骨科10大病种住院日影响因素分析,术前等待天数、手术类型、是否输血分别对10个、9个和8个病种的住院目有影响。输血因素和手术类型是医院不可控、由病人的病情决定的,术前等待天数是管理因素,是最值得医院重视的影响因素。     

两种不同肌瘤剔除术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析63例腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与61例腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床资料,比较2种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、使用抗生素时间、术后感染率、体温恢复正常时间、住院时间等情况。结果:两组患者接受子宫肌瘤剔除术顺利完成,腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组(P0.05),腹腔镜组术中出血量及剔除肌瘤个数均少于开腹组(P0.05),术后腹腔镜组体温恢复正常时间、肛门排气时间、抗生素使用及住院时间均短于开腹组,两组患者最多随访6个月,腹腔镜组平均康复时间较开腹组短(P0.05),两组随访B超均未发现明显肌瘤结节。结论:腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术损伤小,恢复快,住院时间短,是值得推广的微创手术。     

乙型肝炎母婴传播影响因素的研究

目的了解深圳市乙型肝炎母婴阻断效果及其影响因素,为制定乙肝防控策略提供科学依据。方法从医院收集2007-2009年HBsAg阳性产妇及其新生儿基本资料,设计统一的调查问卷,采集儿童静脉血2ml,ELISA法检测乙肝表面抗原、表面抗体和核心抗体。结果共调查158例HBsAg阳性产妇,其中乙肝大三阳占35.44%(56/158);孕晚期接种HBIG占22.29%(35/158),婴儿出生后母乳喂养占58.86%(93/158)。158例儿童中出生后乙肝免疫球蛋白接种率90.50%(143/158),乙肝疫苗接种率100%,其中接种5ug乙肝疫苗占97.47%(154/158),接种10ug乙肝疫苗占2.53%(4/158)。检测158名儿童乙肝表面抗原阳性率6.96%(11/158),乙肝表面抗体阳性率56.33%(89/158),乙肝核心抗体阳性率70.25%(111/158)。母亲是否大三阳与乙肝母婴阻断是否成功有关(连续校正χ2=5.538,P=0.019)。结论母婴传播仍然是乙肝重要传播途径,其主要因素影响是母亲乙肝感染状况。     

心肌致密化不全的研究进展

心肌致密化不全是一种特殊类型的罕见先天性心肌病,是胚胎生长过程中心内膜心肌发育缺陷所造成的,早期诊断和早期治疗有助于改善患者预后。着重介绍该病的病因,发病机制,临床表现,诊断,治疗和预后的研究现状,旨在临床诊断及治疗提供客观依据。     

One-year stability of the Measure of Processes of Care

BACKGROUND: The Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC) is a 56-item self-administered measure designed to examine what parents of a child with a chronic health problem think of the services they and their child receive, and to measure the extent to which these services are family-centred. Reliability and validity of the MPOC were established in prior studies. The aim of the present study was to assess the 1-year stability of the MPOC to justify its use as an evaluative tool. METHODS: Nine paediatric rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands participated in this short longitudinal survey study. Subjects were 205 parents (response rate 74.8%) of children aged 1-18 years who received care in one of the participating paediatric rehabilitation centres. All subjects filled out two MPOCs with a 1-year interval. RESULTS: All correlations between the scale scores of the MPOC at the first and second administration were relatively high and significant (range: 0.443-0.609, all P < 0.001), demonstrating high inter-individual stability. However, all mean scale scores, except for Providing General Information, significantly reduced after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The MPOC has a moderate 1-year stability. However, because of its tendency to score lower when repeated after 1 year, its use as an evaluative follow-up instrument to assess the effectiveness of a programme intervention is restricted.     

244株真菌鉴定结果分析

目的 了解某院2000～2001年各类真菌的检出率。方法 用酵母样真菌同化试验编码鉴定板TH-15进行编码鉴定。结果 真菌分离率为8．85％；244株真菌分为10种，其中以白色念珠菌和热带念珠菌较高，分别占真菌总数的75．41％和11．47％；检出真菌的主要标本是痰和阴道分泌物。结论 及时进行真菌培养，有利于合理使用抗菌药物和控制真菌感染。