云南省边境地区禽流感H5N1亚型病毒遗传多样性分析

目的 了解云南省边境地区禽流感H5N1亚型病毒遗传多样性.方法 2009-2011年7月在云南省边境地区采集境外家禽和野生鸟类棉拭子样品,经H5/Nl亚型特异性多重RT-PCR检测,阳性样品进行病毒HA基因扩增,克隆至pMD 18-T载体测序,并与已知参考毒株进行序列比对及系统发育分析.结果 36份阳性样品病毒HA基因测序获得15种HA序列,存在2个不同进化分支(2.3.2、2.3.4),2.3.2进一步可划分为3个进化小分支(Ⅱ-1～Ⅱ-3),2.3.4进一步可划分为2个进化小分支(Ⅰ-1和Ⅰ-2).2.3.2Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2毒株是新出现的H5N1亚型病毒变异株.结论 2009- 2011年7月云南省边境地区H5N1亚型病毒具有遗传多样性,病毒经历了多分支(2.3.2、2.3.4)至单一支(2.3.2)的进化过程.     

禽流感病毒H5N1血凝素蛋白的重组牛痘病毒表达

目的研究H5 I151F和H5 I151F＋A134V＋E186D两种氨基酸变异对血凝素蛋白（HA）亲人受体结合的影响,并获得该HA。方法构建载体pRB21’,共感染／转染vp37^-牛痘病毒vRB12和pRB21’,基因同源重组牛痘病毒表达HA,Western免疫印迹法鉴定。结果获得了克隆有H5HA全长基因片段的载体pRB21’,构建了2种重组牛痘病毒re-VV H5 I151F和re-VV H5 I151F＋A134V＋E186D,且能在被感染细胞膜表达这两种HA。结论首次通过构建重组牛痘病毒成功表达了禽流感病毒H5N1的H5HA,为进一步研究禽流感病毒人传人的可能性奠定了基础。     

泛太平洋西岸地区部分H5N1亚型禽流感病毒毒株血凝素基因特性的研究

目的了解泛太平洋西岸各个国家H5N1亚型人禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因分子特征,寻求HA基因变异规律。方法从Genebank中下载泛太平洋西岸国家或地区(包括泰国、越南、香港、印度尼西亚、中国大陆、蒙古、俄罗斯)50株H5N1亚型高致病性流感病毒(HAPI)毒株血凝素基因序列,利用生物信息学软件DNASTAR5.0进行核酸同源性分析,用MEGA3.1进行核酸和氨基酸序列比对和进化树分析。结果50株高致病性H5N1亚型流感病毒毒株可以分成3个相对独立的进化簇。第1簇为泰国越南簇;第2簇为中国印尼北亚簇(包含中国、印度尼西亚、蒙古以及俄罗斯);第3簇主要为1996~2001年期间分离的毒株,该簇毒株HA基因与Gs/Gdlike毒株核酸同源性更为接近,其基因亚型更多表现为Gs/Gdlike或其他基因亚型。HA基因分子特征分析表明在HA蛋白抗原性上,泰国越南分离株表现基本一致,而其他地域分离株存在表现各异,但也存在地域的一致性。结论泛太平洋西岸地区分离的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白在分子特征上表现出一定的地域特异性,在一定地域范围内保持一致性。     

WHO确认的人感染H5N1亚型禽流感病毒病例的流行病学分析报告

中国香港特别行政区在1997年首次报告人感染H5N1亚型禽流感病毒疫情,共有18例病例,其中6例死亡。当时香港有农场及活禽市场爆发了禽间高致病性禽流感疫情,在采取了快速扑杀全港鸡只的措施后,人间病例再没有出现。2003年2月,来自同一香港家庭的2名成员(其中1名死亡)被证实为人禽     

2015-2017年贵州省威宁13株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列分析

目的 了解2015-2017年贵州省威宁H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征,为禽流感病毒的研究与防控提供依据。方法 对选取的13株病毒进行核酸的提取、血凝素基因(hemagglutinin,HA)的扩增和测序,运用生物信息学软件对H9N2禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因的同源性、遗传进化、受体结合关键位点、致病相关位点和糖基化位点变异情况进行分析。结果 13株H9N2AIV的HA基因核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为96.1%~99.9%和95.7%~100%,均属于DK/HK/Y280/97分支。HA基因与致病性高低相关的裂解位点区域2株为PSRSNR↓GLF,11株为PSRSSR↓GLF,均属于低致病性毒株。与传播感染相关的受体结合位点均发生E198T和Q234L的突变,具有人样受体结合特征。13株毒株HA均含7个与毒力相关的糖基化位点,218位点均存在一个糖基化位点缺失,313位点均存在一个糖基化位点的增加。结论 贵州省威宁县H9N2AIVs属于DK/HK/Y280/97系,均为低致病性禽流感病毒,存在人易感位点,病毒一直处于不断的变异之中,故应加强其监测与防控。     

香港H5N1型禽流感病毒的由来

H5N1原是感染鸟类的流感病毒,但1997年在香港直接感染人类,造成18人感染6人死亡,病死率超过30％,超出想象。流行性感冒大都发生在冬季,但此型病毒感染却发生在流感的非流行期,引起大众的恐慌,担心此型流感的发展会大流行,造成人类的浩劫。幸好香港特区政府处理得宜,随即实施鸡只扑杀政策,终于成功遏制了H5N1流感病毒的流行。1999年香港有2位儿童感染H9N2型流感病毒,这种病毒在国内大陆、欧洲、中东、南非及美国的家禽间也曾经造成流行,香港的H5N1型禽流感病毒流行期间,从鹌鹑中分离到的H9N2非常接近从人类分离到的H9N2型流感病毒,H9N2与     

禽流感病毒H5N1抗原基因克隆及体外转录

目的通过基因克隆和体外转录,获得H5N1禽流感病毒抗原基因的RNA全长片段,为病原学检测提供阳性定量标准品。方法设计H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)、神经氨酸酶(NA)及基质蛋白M(M)的基因克隆引物,RT-PCR从病毒RNA获得相应片段,分别连接至pGEM-T Easy质粒并筛选阳性重组质粒,测序鉴定后酶切线性化,用T7 RNA聚合酶进行体外转录,产物用DNase酶处理、纯化后测定浓度,RT-PCR验证。结果获得含H5N1禽流感病毒HA、NA、M全长基因序列的RNA片段,并可准确定量其拷贝数,质量浓度HA为503.9 ng/μL、NA为379.2 ng/μL、M为437.8 ng/μL。结论获得的RNA片段可作为H5N1禽流感病毒核酸快速检测方法的阳性定量标准品。     

H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素抗原快速诊断试剂的改进与初步评价

H5N1病毒高度变异,为确保本中心研制的H5N1禽流感病毒抗原快速诊断试剂对不同变异分支的H5N1病毒,特别是实时流行株的高度检测准确性,本研究根据抗原活性变异情况对中心开发的第一代H5抗原快速诊断试剂进行了改进。改进后的第二代H5抗原快速诊断试剂(H5-Dot-2nd)对25株代表亚洲地区流行的不同进化分支的H5N1禽流感病毒检测均为阳性,其中12株检测下限达到0.01HA;而对20株32HA滴度的非H5亚型流感病毒株检测均为阴性;不同机构的评价结果显示,H5-Dot-2nd的灵敏度比国外同类试剂高出10～1000倍,对非H5现场标本特异性达到99.0%(399/403)。上述结果提示,H5-Dot-2nd对历年来特别是当前流行株均具有很好的检测灵敏度,能更好地满足流感疫情监控的需要。     

一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒全基因组克隆及HA基因分子进化分析

目的对禽流感H5N1亚型病毒株A/Chicken/Hubei/489/2004的全基因组进行克隆和测序,并分析血凝素基因HA的遗传突变特点及其与1996年以来其他病毒株的亲缘关系。方法通过RT-PCR扩增病毒株A/Chicken/Hubei/489/2004的8个基因,并将其克隆到测序载体;在对病毒株全基因组序列测定基础上,利用生物信息学软件对HA基因进行遗传进化分析。结果病毒株A/Chicken/Hubei/489/2004的全基因组克隆到PMD18-T;遗传进化分析显示该毒株HA蛋白具有与致病性有关的切割位点"PQRERRRKKR",并且与2000～2006年在香港从人和禽体内分离的H5N1亲缘关系相近,也与2003～2004年在东南亚从人和禽体内分离的H5N1极其相关。结论 A/Chicken/Hubei/489/2004病毒分离株具有与A/Chicken/HongKong/YU777/2002更相似的遗传特性,极可能是2002年禽流感病毒家系的再次出现。     

华东地区高致病性H5N6禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白分子特征分析

目的分析2017年以来中国华东地区高致病性H5N6禽流感病毒的HA基因分子特征。方法 H5N6核酸阳性标本采用9～11日龄鸡胚进行病毒分离,病毒基因测序采用下一代测序技术,相关的参考序列下载自GISAID或NCBI网站,序列比对和进化树构建采用ClustalX、Blasts及Mega 6.1等生物信息学软件。结果 2017年以来,在江苏省活禽市场和禽流感患者的标本中,成功分离出43株H5N6禽流感病毒,对33株病毒进行了基因组测序。选择其中的27株H5N6病毒的HA基因进行分子进化分析,clade 2.3.4.4h有20株,clade 2.3.4.4e有3株,另外4株归类于clade 2.3.4.4b;多个碱性氨基酸出现在病毒HA蛋白的裂解位点,是高致病性禽流感病毒的典型分子特征;HA蛋白受体结合位点的222和224位氨基酸分别是Q和G,具有结合禽类受体α2-3半乳糖苷唾液酸(SAα2-3Gal)的特性,158位点糖基化位点丢失,但新的糖基化位点出现在124位点上。结论 2017年HA基因clade 2.3.4.4h是我国华东地区H5N6病毒优势基因型,病毒处于持续动态进化中,需要继续对病毒进化进行监测。     

Modified Newcastle disease virus vectors expressing the H5 hemagglutinin induce enhanced protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in chickens

Naturally-occurring attenuated strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are being developed as vaccine vectors for use in poultry and humans. However, some NDV strains, such as Beaudette C (BC), may retain too much virulence in poultry for safe use, and more highly attenuated strains may be suboptimally immunogenic. We therefore modified the BC strain by changing the multibasic cleavage site sequence of the F protein to the dibasic sequence of avirulent strain LaSota. Additionally, the BC, F, and HN proteins were modified in several ways to enhance virus replication. These modified BC-derived vectors and the LaSota strain were engineered to express the hemagglutin (HA) protein of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza virus (HPAIV). In general, the modified BC-based vectors expressing HA replicated better than LaSota/HA, and expressed higher levels of HA protein. Pathogenicity tests indicated that all the modified viruses were highly attenuated in chickens. Based on in vitro characterization, two of the modified BC vectors were chosen for evaluation in chickens as vaccine vectors against H5N1 HPAIV A/Vietnam/1203/04. Immunization of chickens with rNDV vector vaccines followed by challenge with HPAIV demonstrated high levels of protection against clinical disease and mortality. However, only those chickens immunized with modified BC/HA in which residues 271–330 from the F protein had been replaced with the corresponding sequence from the NDV AKO strain conferred complete protection against challenge virus shedding. Our findings suggest that this modified rNDV can be used safely as a vaccine vector with enhanced replication, expression, and protective efficacy in avian species, and potentially in humans.     

Characterization of thermostable Newcastle disease virus recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin of H5N1 avian influenza virus as bivalent vaccine candidates

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. In the present study, we generated the thermostable recombinant NDV (rNDV) expressing the different forms of hemagglutinin (HA) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 based on the full-length cDNA clone of thermostable TS09-C strain. The recombinant thermostable Newcastle disease viruses, rTS-HA, rTS-HA1 and rTS-tPAs/HA1, expressed the HA, HA1 or modified HA1 protein with the tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence (tPAs), respectively. The rNDVs displayed similar thermostability, growth kinetics and pathogenicity compared with the parental TS09-C virus. The tPAs facilitated the expression and secretion of HA1 protein in cells infected with rNDV. Animal studies demonstrated that immunization with rNDVs elicited effective H5N1- and NDV-specific antibody responses and conferred immune protection against lethal H5N1 and NDV challenges in chickens and mice. Importantly, vaccination of rTS-tPAs/HA1 resulted in enhanced protective immunity in chickens and mice. Our study thus provides a novel thermostable NDV-vectored vaccine candidate expressing a soluble form of a heterologous viral protein, which will greatly aid the poultry industry in developing countries.     

安徽省2013-2018年活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因遗传特征

目的  分析2013年-2018年安徽省外环境中H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus, AIVs)血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)基因变异特征。 方法  将所有安徽省禽流感外环境监测点搜集的H9N2亚型核酸阳性样本接种鸡胚分离病毒,病毒RNA逆转录为cDNA后用特异性引物进行扩增,聚合酶链式反应产物通过基因测序后获得HA基因序列,应用分子生物学软件进行分析;使用DATAMONKEY在线服务器进行基因选择压力分析,并使用SWISS-MODLE软件构建分子突变三维构象。 结果  获得33株H9N2 AIVs属于h9.4.2.5进化分支,受体结合位点183、226和227位置分别突变为N、L和M,189和190位置存在多样性;2015年以后分离的毒株均携带6个糖基化位点;选择压力分析得出160位置承受较大的正向选择压力,至少呈现7种空间构象。 结论  安徽省外环境中存在的H9N2亚型AIVs具有感染哺乳动物的分子特征并具备抗原漂移能力,需密切关注该病毒的分子变异特征。     

Continuing threat of influenza (H5N1) virus circulation in Egypt

Reservoirs for the continuing influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in Egypt are ill-defined. Through active surveillance, we detected highly pathogenic influenza subtype H5 viruses in all poultry sectors; incidence was 5%. No other subtypes were found. Continued circulation of influenza (H5N1) viruses in various regions and poultry sectors perpetuates human exposure in Egypt.     

Expression of H5 hemagglutinin vaccine antigen in common duckweed (Lemna minor) protects against H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus challenge in immunized chickens

A synthetic hemagglutinin (HA) gene from the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/chicken/Indonesia/7/2003 (H5N1) (Indo/03) was expressed in aquatic plant Lemna minor (rLemna-HA). In Experiment 1, efficacy of rLemna-HA was tested on birds immunized with 0.2 μg or 2.3 μg HA and challenged with 10⁶ mean chicken embryo infectious doses (EID₅₀) of homologous virus strain. Both dosages of rLemna-HA conferred clinical protection and dramatically reduced viral shedding. Almost all the birds immunized with either dosage of rLemna-HA elicited HA antibody titers against Indo/03 antigen, suggesting an association between levels of anti-Indo/03 antibodies and protection. In Experiment 2, efficacy of rLemna-HA was tested on birds immunized with 0.9 μg or 2.2 μg HA and challenged with 10⁶ EID₅₀ of heterologous H5N1 virus strains A/chicken/Vietnam/NCVD-421/2010 (VN/10) or A/chicken/West Java/PWT-WIJ/2006 (PWT/06). Birds challenged with VN/10 exhibited 100% survival regardless of immunization dosage, while birds challenged with PWT/06 had 50% and 30% mortality at 0.9 μg HA and 2.2 μg HA, respectively. For each challenge virus, viral shedding titers from 2.2 μg HA vaccinated birds were significantly lower than those from 0.9 μg HA vaccinated birds, and titers from both immunized groups were in turn significantly lower than those from sham vaccinated birds. Even if immunized birds elicited HA titers against the vaccine antigen Indo/03, only the groups challenged with VN/10 developed humoral immunity against the challenge antigen. None (rLemna-HA 0.9 μg HA) and 40% (rLemna-HA 2.2 μg HA) of the immunized birds challenged with PWT/06 elicited pre-challenge antibody titers, respectively. In conclusion, Lemna-expressed HA demonstrated complete protective immunity against homologous challenge and suboptimal protection against heterologous challenge, the latter being similar to results from inactivated whole virus vaccines. Transgenic duckweed-derived HA could be a good alternative for producing high quality antigen for an injectable vaccine against H5N1 HPAI viruses.     

Atypical avian influenza (H5N1)

We report the first case of avian influenza in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of exposure to poultry.     

长沙市家禽市场污水来源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NS基因进化分析

目的对长沙市家禽市场污水来源的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的非结构蛋白(Non-structural,NS)基因进行进化和分子特征分析,探讨其传播风险。方法从家禽市场收集1份H9N2AIV样本(C09055049)进行NS基因PCR扩增和TA克隆测序,测序结果利用Lasergene和Mega5软件进行氨基酸比对和进化树构建。结果序列分析表明,NS基因核苷酸序列全长890bp,分别编码NS1(217个氨基酸)和NS2(121个氨基酸)两个蛋白,进化树显示本研究中的NS基因属于A等位基因群的A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998-like,起源于国内最早的分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94;NS基因与进化树不同分支代表株氨基酸比对显示,NS1与A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98同源性最高(96.3%),NS2与A/Chicken/Beijing/1/1994和A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998同源性最高(96.7%)。H9N2AIV的NS1蛋白第92位D氨基酸,且NS1蛋白C-端缺失13个氨基酸,表现为低致病性的分子特征。结论家禽市场污水来源的H9N2AIV的NS1蛋白缺乏高致病性及感染人的分子特征,传播至人的风险较小。