烟草流行监测方法进展

烟草使用是全球过早死亡和疾病的主要可预防因素。烟草流行监测在控烟工作中具有重要作用, WHO《烟草控制框架公约》和MPOWER控烟策略均将烟草监测作为控烟的重要内容之一。本文综述了国内外烟草流行监测的方法, 主要有面对面调查、电话访问调查、网络问卷调查、数据共享、模型估计、戒烟服务以及多种方法联合等, 并对监测方法进行优缺点分析。梳理不同国家和地区烟草流行监测方法, 为我国烟草流行监测提供参考。     

控烟成败关乎中国未来

到2011年1月，中国政府正式成为世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》缔约国已整整5年时间。5年过去了，总结《公约》生效5年来的成绩和不足，探讨中国目前控烟履约工作最主要的困难和障碍并分析产生的原因，是下一步更好履约的基础。为此，由中国疾病预防控制中心副主任杨功焕研究员、清华大学国情研究中心胡鞍刚教授等中外专家共同参与，完成了《控烟与中国未来——中外专家中国烟草使用与烟草控制联合评估报告》，报告披露——     

中国烟草控制政策扫描

本文主要根据世界卫生组织发布的《扭转烟草流行系列政策MPOWER》的要求进行分类,描述了我国相应烟草政策的制定及执行情况,并与《烟草控制框架公约》相应条款要求对比,提出了政策制定和执行方面的不足和改进意见。     

中国烟草控制政策扫描

本文主要根据世界卫生组织发布的《扭转烟草流行系列政策MPOWER》的要求进行分类,描述了我国相应烟草政策的制定及执行情况,并与《烟草控制框架公约》相应条款要求对比,提出了政策制定和执行方面的不足和改进意见。     

中国烟草流行监测的发展及挑战

烟草使用是导致全球疾病负担主要的可预防危险因素, 是我国面临的重大公共卫生问题。连续动态的烟草监测可以为制定控烟策略和措施、评价控烟效果提供关键指标数据。WHO将烟草监测纳入控烟的重要内容并在《烟草控制框架公约》中提出相关履约要求。中国政府积极推进控烟工作, 特别是《烟草控制框架公约》生效以来, 烟草监测得到不断加强, 2021年起, 我国的烟草监测工作被WHO评为达到最高等级。本文主要对全国范围内开展的成人和青少年烟草流行病学专项调查抽样设计、监测内容、关键指标定义和基于复杂抽样的数据加权进行阐述, 并提出我国当前烟草监测面临的挑战, 以期为我国烟草流行专项调查数据的理解和利用、调查结果的比较以及今后我国烟草监测工作的开展提供参考。     

中美两国控烟政策实施及效果比较

1998年,世界卫生组织正式将烟草依赖作为一种慢性病列入国际疾病分类(编号F17.2),确认烟草是目前人类健康的最大威胁[1].为应对烟草流行的全球化,2003年5月,在第56届世界卫生大会上,世界卫生组织192个成员一致通过了第一个限制烟草的全球性公约——《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》(以下简称《公约》),《公约》目标是通过减少需求和供应来控制吸烟从而保护当代和后代人免受烟草对健康、社会、环境和经济造成的破坏性影响,并提出MPOWER战略,给予各国控烟以具体指导."烟草控制"是指通过消除或减少人群消费烟草制品和接触烟草烟雾,促进健康的一系列减少烟草供应、需求和危害的战略[2].     

国内外公共场所控烟执法状况分析

<正>烟草危害是当今世界最严重的公共卫生问题之一。为了遏制烟草流行,世界卫生组织牵头制定了针对烟草的第一份全球性具有国际法约束力的烟草控制框架公约,并基于该公约提出MPOWER系列政策,鼓励各国根据自身特点开展控烟行动。我国     

中国控烟进程中媒体报道现状及健康传播对策

<正>2011年1月6日,《控烟与中国未来--中外专家中国烟草使用与烟草控制联合评估报告》发布,报告称:我国控烟效果微弱,吸烟率居高不下,控烟履约绩效得分低,与《烟草控制框架公约》要求差距巨大。在中国履行世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架》五年中,随着中国控烟工作的深入,中国的控烟进展频频出现在媒体报     

2008年中国控制吸烟报告——禁止烟草广告和促销，确保无烟青春好年华

2006年1月9日,世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》（简称《公约》）在我国正式生效后,卫生部控烟履约办公室每年都邀请专家编写年度《中国控制吸烟报告》。     

借鉴国际经验，加速履行《烟草控制框架公约》

《烟草控制框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）是世界卫生组织主持制定的多边国际公约，是联合国历史上最广泛受到热诚接受的条约之一。《公约》将通过减少烟草需求和烟草供应两方面宏观调控控制烟草跨境流行、减低和净化烟草消费，保护人类健康免受烟草的危害。本尝试与现实紧密结合，用综合、比较等方法来阐述国际经验与做法对我国烟草控制工作的意义和作用，并通过引介各缔约方做法，分析我国在履约准备工作基础上，如何处理好国家利益、缔约方权利和义务之间的关系。     

Measuring Interactivity on Tobacco Control Websites

With the increased reach of Web 2.0, Internet users expect webpages to be interactive. No studies have been conducted to assess whether tobacco control–relevant sites have implemented these features. The authors conducted an analysis of an international sample of tobacco control–relevant websites to determine their level of interactivity. The sample included 68 unique websites selected from Google searches in 5 countries, on each country's Google site, using the term smoking. The 68 sites were analyzed for 10 categories of interactive tools. The most common type of interactive content found on 46 (68%) of sites was for multimedia featuring content that was not primarily text based, such as photo galleries, videos, or podcasts. Only 11 (16%) websites—outside of media sites—allowed people to interact and engage with the site owners and other users by allowing posting comments on content and/or hosting forums/discussions. Linkages to social networking sites were low: 17 pages (25%) linked to Twitter, 15 (22%) to Facebook, and 11 (16%) to YouTube. Interactivity and connectedness to online social media appears to still be in its infancy among tobacco control–relevant sites.     

烟草控制工作策略探讨

探讨开展烟草控制的策略,建议从卫生系统禁烟、媒体参与、人群吸烟现状和烟草业干扰四方面入手,采取措施,加大干预力度。     

加入WTO对我国控烟工作的影响

文章通过分析中国加入世界贸易组织 (WTO)后烟草产业和烟草专卖制度可能受到的影响 ,探讨了入世后控烟工作在烟草种植、卷烟销售以及有关烟草广告和促销活动的监管等方面所面临的新形势 ,以便为入世后进一步加强控烟工作提供参考。     

Progress in Tobacco Control

AimTo present the Tobacco Control interventions which are currently accepted as effective.MethodsReview the available regulatory strategy laid down in the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control and explore the basis for the Treaty and the appropriateness of the response with particular reference to Europe.ResultsAn evidence-based approach was built up over some sixty years. At first a slow revelation of the catastrophic health effects of smoking is revealed. Then a reluctance to see tobacco addiction as a disease or even as an addiction delays attempts to develop active treatments. A powerful, corrupt industry demanding to be treated as normal delays effective interventions to control demand or supply.DiscussionThe pace of Tobacco Control is too slow. An effective FCTC would still see millions of unnecessary premature deaths in this century. Most deaths will not be in the west where the true effects of this industry are accepted and where mechanisms to combat the worst abuses of industrial power exist. They will occur in the developing world. The FCTC provisions must be achieved and then some. It would be foolish to rely on it alone especially on its approach to control of supply. The role of the treatment of tobacco dependence may be underrated in Tobacco Control. In many other diseases, whether infections such as tuberculosis or lifestyle related such as hypertension, the role and availability of effective treatments often provides the catalyst to drive the social changes necessary to lead to commitment to effective change.     

North Carolina Tobacco Farmers' Changing Perceptions of Tobacco Control and Tobacco Manufacturers

ABSTRACT:  Purpose: To examine tobacco farmers' attitudes toward tobacco control, public health, and tobacco manufacturers in order to determine the extent to which rapidly changing economic conditions have influenced North Carolina tobacco farmer attitudes in ways that may provide tobacco control advocates with new opportunities to promote tobacco control policies in tobacco-dependent US communities. Methods: We used data from a longitudinal sample of North Carolina tobacco farmers across 5 waves of data collection (1997-2005) (baseline N = 749 farmers). Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine changes in attitudes toward tobacco control and tobacco manufacturers, controlling for economic dependence on tobacco, and demographic factors. Results: Over the study period there was reduction in tobacco farmers' perceptions of threat from tobacco control initiatives. Conclusions: These changes in attitude may signal an opportunity for successful tobacco control activity in traditionally tobacco-dependent states and rural communities.     

Implications for Tobacco Control of the Multistate Tobacco Settlement

The 1998 master settlement agreement between major tobacco manufacturers and the US states will have a profound effect on many tobacco industry practices and will significantly influence future settlements with the tobacco industry. This article analyzes the settlement's key provisions pertaining to youth sales, advertising, marketing, and lobbying. It also examines the ways in which the settlement restricts industry practices as well as the many industry practices that remain unregulated.     

《广州市控制吸烟条例》执行情况调查

目的了解《广州市控制吸烟条例》(以下称《条例》)实施半年后对居民健康行为的影响及各类场所执行情况。方法电话回访1200户居民,了解《条例》对居民健康行为的影响,通过分层抽样方法抽取10类工作场所及公共场所,对禁烟标识张贴、吸烟行为及吸烟痕迹等情况进行现场观察,并使用AM510便携式防爆智能数字粉尘仪进行30 min PM2.5的浓度测试。结果共调查1023名居民,对《条例》的知晓率为83.48%;43.70%的调查对象认为《条例》实施之后广州市公共场所的吸烟现象有所减少,吸烟者中主动减少吸烟量或尝试戒烟等有控烟意识烟民的比例则由43.23%上升为58.33%(χ2=10.69,P=0.001);仅有3.49%的观察点没有张贴禁烟标识,吸烟人数最多的是在食宿场所(61人);全市各类场所的PM2.5浓度中位数为54.00μg/m3,其中交通场所、健身场所和食宿场所高于无吸烟或烟头较少的其他场所(F=2.60,P=0.008)。结论《条例》对广州市控烟工作起到了一定的促进作用,居民控烟意识逐渐增强,社会支持环境逐步形成,但餐饮场所《条例》执行情况仍不理想,需要进一步对场所经营者及管理者开展宣传教育。     

Community-Based Youth Tobacco Control Interventions

Background: We evaluated the impact of a community-based tobacco control project that was implemented in the city of Tucson, Arizona, USA, between 1996 and 2001. Aim: The project’s goal was to reduce the prevalence of youth smoking through change in social norms at schools and in communities and workplaces. As is often the case, these community-based health promotion interventions were implemented in conjunction with other broader programmes, in this case implemented on the state level. Method: Taking into account state level interventions as well as changes in sociodemographic and economic environment over the course of the project (e.g. increases in cigarette prices), we measure the net effect of the intervention in terms of the number of people who quit or did not initiate smoking and by the discounted life-years gained. To establish the value of investing into community-based intervention, we calculated the real discounted cost per quit and per life-year gained of $US3789 and $US3942, respectively. These compare favourably with the real cost per quit of $US4270 when implementing the 1996 US Clinical Practice Guideline for smoking cessation but exceed the real cost of $US2923 per discounted life-year gained when following the guideline. Results: A sensitivity analysis that assumed 5% programme persistence (i.e. 5% of the programme’s impact would last forever in the absence of future funding for the programme), one-third would relapse and that one-third of those who quit may have quit smoking even without the programme, suggested a lower cost per discounted life-year saved of $US3476. The cost effectiveness of this project compares favourably with other tobacco control interventions. Conclusion: Despite its relatively small target group, this community-based intervention was cost effective.