大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型研究

目的了解医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型和耐药性。方法收集产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的临床菌株30株,应用PCR基因扩增技术及DNA测序方法,分别对其TEM、SHV、CTX-M、VEB、PER编码基因进行分析。结果在30株菌株中有26株为CTX-M型,占86.67%;其中CTX-M-9型共计16株占61.5%,CTX-M-1型8株占30.8%,CTX-M-2型7株占26.9%;同时产CTX-M-1型及CTX-M-2型共4株占15.4%,产CTX-M-2型及CTX-M-9型1株占3.8%,产CTX-M-1型及CTX-M-9型1株占3.8%。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的主要临床流行基因型是CTX-M-9型。     

天津地区医院产ESBLs菌株基因型研究

目的 了解天津产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌基因型及耐药情况.方法 收集部分医院临床分离218株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9、TEM、SHV、OXA-1、OXA-2、OXA-10耐药基因,结合Tm值将其分型.结果 109株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药基因CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9、TEM、SHV、OXA-1分别为32.1%、0.9%、0.9%、33.9%、73.4%、27.5%、15.6%,携带>2种基因菌株达66.1%;109株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8、CTX-M-9,TEM、SHV、OXA-1、OXA-10分别为49.5%、2.8%,1.8%、22.9%、78.9%、76.1%、33.0%、9.0%,携带>2种基因达82.2%;检测菌株对亚胺培南保持高度敏感.结论 天津市肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌ESBLs的基因型以SHV型、TEM型、CTX-M-1型、CTX-M-9型为主,OXA呈上升趋势,各医院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因型存在一定差异.     

ICU肺部感染患者分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌基因亚型及同源性

目的 分析重症监护病房(ICU)肺部感染患者分离产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的基因亚型及同源性。方法 选取2018年12月-2020年12月从南通大学第二附属医院ICU收治的96例肺部感染患者。检测痰液标本中病原菌特征,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分析产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌基因亚型,重复序列PCR(Rep-PCR)和多位点序列分型(MLST)分析同源性。结果 96例患者痰液标本中共分离134株病原菌,其中33株大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株检出率为48.48%,42株肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株检出率为40.48%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢他啶等常用抗菌药物的耐药性均高于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌(P<0.05);16株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌基因型共检出1种TEM-1、3种CTX-M和3种SHV,以CTX-M-14亚型和SHV-77亚型最为多见,且属于8种不同ST型,以ST131型为主;17株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌基因型共检出1种TEM-1、3种CTX-M亚型和4种SHV亚型,以SHV-11亚型最为多见,且属于6种不同ST型,以ST11型为主。结论 ICU肺部感染患者分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性明显高于非产ESBLs菌株,其基因型主要分别为CTX-M型和SHV亚型,ST分型主要分别为ST131型和ST11型。     

大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs表型与基因型分析

目的 了解医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌发生率及主要基因型分布特点.方法 采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的纸片扩散法对临床标本中分离的110株大肠埃希菌和94株肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs的表型确定试验,同时分别用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增法检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-9耐药基因,并对其产物进行序列分析.结果 产ESBLs阳性菌株的检出率分别为:肺炎克雷伯菌占36.2%,大肠埃希菌占42.7%,总检出率为39.7%;ESBLs检出模式以头孢噻肟、头孢噻肟/克拉维酸单组为底物阳性率最高,占阳性菌株的66.7%;单用头孢他啶,头孢他啶/克拉维酸一组为底物,会造成大肠埃希菌68.1%和肺炎克雷伯菌64.7%的漏检;耐药基因型分析显示,TEM、SHV、CTX-M-I、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-9基因检出率分别为54.3%、38.3%、21.O%、24.7%、70.4%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均以CTX-M型为主要基因型,占91.4%;同时携带>2种耐药基因菌株占71.6%.结论 医院分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株携带多种耐药基因严重,需引起临床的高度重视.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌相关耐药基因监测

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌中常见的β-内酰胺酶基因的分布情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测了77株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中TEM、SHV和CTX-M等三种β-内酰胺酶基因,并进行了DNA测序。结果 50株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌中,41株TEM基因阳性(82.0%),7株SHV基因阳性(14.0%),16株CTX-M基因阳性(32.0%),21株菌两种以上基因型同时阳性。27株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌中,21株TEM基因阳性(77.8%),24株SHV基因阳性(88.9%),3株CTX-M基因阳性(11.1%),16株菌两种以上基因型同时阳性。结论产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中携带多种β-内酰胺酶基因,且以TEM和SHV型较为流行。     

产CTX-M酶肠杆菌科细菌耐药性及其相关耐药基因研究

目的了解产CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌的阳性率、耐药性以及基因型分布。方法采用纸片扩散法检测临床分离大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测相关耐药基因并用DNA序列分析确认基因亚型。结果检测菌株中ESBLs阳性56株,阳性率为44.4%;检测菌株对亚胺培南全部敏感,质粒接合试验证实,CTX-M型ESBLs介导的耐药可以水平转移;产ESBLs阳性菌株中有48株扩增到CTX-M型耐药基因,其中CTX-M-3型11株,CTX-M-9型7株,CTX-M-14型25株。结论产CTX-M型ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高,以CTX-M-14型为多;碳青霉烯类抗菌药物是目前治疗产ESBLs细菌最有效药物。     

血流感染中大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌耐药特征及基因分型

目的通过检测血流感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药特征及基因型特征,探讨产ESBLs菌株的流行病学情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法收集浙江萧山医院2015年6月-2017年6月血流感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验;对ESBLs阳性菌株进行PCR扩増,明确基因分型。结果共分离到大肠埃希菌62株,肺炎克雷伯菌46株;产ESBLs检出率分别为48. 4%和32. 6%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟耐药率较高( 50%),对磷霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及阿米卡星耐药率较低(20%)。基因筛查结果显示,血流感染流行的ESBLs基因型主要为CTX-M型,排在前3位的基因型为CTX-M-14、CTX-M-15和CTX-M-55。结论血流感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL比率较高,流行的基因型以CTX-M型为主。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的耐药性与基因型分析

目的 分析医院急诊科3年内产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及基因型,以指导临床用药.方法 采用ESBLs表型确证试验筛选产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌,提取产ESBLs菌的质粒DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增产ESBLs株质粒TEM、SHV、CTX-M1、CTX-M9和OXA5种基因,并对其扩增物进行DNA序列分析,测定大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对17种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共检出143株大肠埃希菌与77株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中84株为产ESBLs菌,占38.2％;ESBLs研究菌株全部携带TEM型、77.4％携带CTX-M9型基因;同一菌株携带2、3、4个基因的菌株比例分别为44.8％、33.3％和7.1％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌为多药耐药菌,其中对青霉素类、第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类耐药率高达80.0％～100.0％;碳青霉烯类对产ESBLs细菌仍保持较高的抗菌效果.结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因,以TEM型和CTX-M9型为主,携带＞2个耐药基因的产ESBLs菌株比例较高;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对含酶抑制剂的抗菌药物、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感性,研究中发现美罗培南耐药菌株,应引起临床重视.     

肺癌患者术后感染超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌分离株基因分型和耐药性

目的 探究肺癌患者术后感染超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌分离株基因分型和耐药性,为临床治疗ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌用药提供指导。方法 收集2019年1月-2021年7月于武汉市肺科医院行胸腔镜肺段切除术后感染患者肺炎克雷伯菌分离株100株,分析菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率,双纸片扩散法进行ESBLs表型筛选及确证,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测产ESBLs菌株的耐药基因,将PCR阳性产物进行测序并确定基因型别。结果 100株肺炎克雷伯菌中检出35株产ESBLs菌株,占35.00%,主要来源于痰液;产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄青霉素、头孢菌素的耐药率高于90%; 35株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌主要耐药基因型为TEM、CTX-M和SHV,其中CTX-M型中,CTX-M-1有10株,CTX-M-9有12株,未检测出CTX-M-2、CTX-M-8及CTX-M-25型,所有TEM型均为TEM-1,SHV型均为SHV-12。结论 胸腔镜肺段切除术后感染肺炎克雷伯菌菌株产ESBLs检出率较高,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对替加环素、美罗培南及亚胺培南较敏感,且携带的基因型以CTX-M型、TEM...     

蚌埠地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株CTX-M型耐药基因的分布

目的 了解蚌埠市部分医院临床分离产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中CTX-M型ESBLs基因分布情况。方法 标本为蚌埠市3所医院2003年4月-2004年4月间，临床分离产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌147株；采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增产CTX-M型ESBLs菌株基因；按Sanger双脱氧末端终止法，用自动测序仪对其进行测序以鉴定基因型。结果 147株产ESBLs菌株中有92株携带CTX-M型ESBLs基因，其中CTX-M-14型52株、CTX-M-3型20株、CTX-M-15型20株。结论 蚌埠市部分医院产CTX-M型ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高，主要为CTX-M-14型。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.