肿瘤患者营养支持药物利用追踪调查

目的追踪调查我院肿瘤患者营养支持药物使用情况。方法通过调查我院2003年～2005年药库明细帐和2005年1020份病历,用药物利用研究方法,分析我院营养支持药物的用药结构、用药合理性等。结果2005年比2002年这类药物的使用数量增长了18.72%,金额上升了15.22%,比2004年有所回落;销售金额和使用数量前8位的品种均为肠外营养(PN)药物。结论PN药物的使用数量和人次仍然远高于肠内营养(EN)药物;对部分患者实施营养支持治疗的适应症掌握令人质疑;部分营养支持药物的使用方法和使用剂量不尽合理。     

消化系统恶性肿瘤病人围手术期营养支持现况调查

目的:调查我院消化系统恶性肿瘤大手术病人营养支持现状和存在问题,为进一步规范肿瘤病人的临床营养支持工作提供依据。方法:回顾性调查我院肿瘤外科2010年1个月内出院的消化系统恶性肿瘤大手术病人病历180份,对其围手术期营养支持情况进行分析。结果:肠外营养(PN)与肠内营养支持(EN)人数比为3.2∶1。手术前后营养支持率分别为5.2%和100%。围手术期营养支持平均天数为(12.1±8.3)天,术后营养支持中位天数分别为胰腺癌13.3 d,食管贲门癌13.2 d,胃癌8.0 d,肝胆癌5.4 d,结直肠癌5.1 d。术后营养支持人均供给热量为5 633.3～693.7 kJ(1 346.4±165.8kcal)/d,其中每公斤理想体重平均供给热量104.6～125.5kJ(25～30 kcal)/(kg.d)的人数占32.8%,<83.68 kJ(20 kcal)/(kg.d)的人数占28.4%,<62.76 kJ(15 kcal)/(kg.d)的人数占7.8%。此外,PN病人中92.7%人次使用了谷氨酰胺、鱼油免疫营养支持治疗,EN病人中14.8%人次使用了富含鱼油的EN制剂。营养制剂费用人均(7 024.4±7 330.2)元人民币,日均(611.6±473.5)元人民币,日均营养制剂费用PN组显著高于EN组(P<0.01)。结论:我院肿瘤外科病人的营养支持已得到普遍重视。然而,围手术期营养支持不尽合理,不足和过度并存,仍需继续推广基于证据的肠外肠内营养指南。     

新医改背景下临床营养药物的应用情况分析

摘要:目的　对一家新建三甲医院2010-2013年间营养药物的使用情况进行分析。方法　抽取成都市某新建三级甲等医院2010 -2013年临床营养药物的购药金额、用药额度（DDDs）、日均费用（DDc）等资料,结合同期国家和四川省有关医改政策及营养药物治疗相关数据进行分析。结果　2010-2012年,该院临床营养药费呈现快速上升趋势,肠外（Parenteral Nutrition,PN）及肠内（Enteral Nutrition,EN）营养药费均呈现增长,但PN药费增长显著快于EN药费。2013年,由于医保机构执行了严格限制药费政策,临床营养药费呈现下降趋势,PN及EN均有下降。PN依然占主导地位。同时,本研究发现,单独输注脂肪乳和氨基酸是该院营养用药的主要模式。结论　该医院临床营养用药模式与我国东部发达地区不同,以PN为主,且存在滥用PN和不规范应用的情形。应该强化对临床医师的营养用药教育,尽早建立临床营养科,以规范临床营养支持治疗。     

住院病人抗感染药物应用的统计分析

目的在对住院病人抗感染药物利用和费用进行统计分析,以了解抗感染药物的应用情况。方法 回顾1999年12月出院病历1098份,计算出65种抗感染药物的DDD值、DDDs、DUI和每日治疗费用。结果 头孢菌素类药物的用药金额占抗感染药物总金额的46．56％,部分药物使用剂量偏大,部分临床科室联合用药比例偏高。结论 应控制头孢菌素类药物,特别是第三代头孢菌素的数量,注意掌握用药剂量和联合用药的适应症。     

营养支持治疗在老年危重患者救治中的应用

目的探讨不同营养支持方式在老年危重患者救治中的作用。方法选择老年危重患者98例,根据不同营养支持方式分为肠外营养(PN)组30例,肠内营养(EN)组32例,PN+EN组36例。摄入同等总热量和同等氮量,营养支持治疗时间14 d。治疗0 d和连续营养支持治疗14 d后,检测血清白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、淋巴细胞总数(TLC)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)值并进行回顾性对比分析。结果 3组患者Hb均较治疗前增高。EN+PN组患者Alb、PA较PN组及EN组治疗后增高。营养支持治疗后,3组患者TLC明显增高。EN组IgA、IgM,EN+PN组IgA、IgG、IgM均较PN组增高。PN+EN组并发症低于PN组及EN组。结论老年危重患者救治中应根据老年人特点及疾病不同情况合理选择营养支持方式,PN+EN联合应用更有利于改善老年危重患者营养状况及免疫功能,减少并发症发生,促进疾病的康复。     

老年患者胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方法对肝功能和临床结局的影响

目的比较胰十二指肠切除术后老年患者肠外营养（PN）联合肠内营养（EN）与单纯PN对术后内毒素血症、肝功能与临床结局的影响。方法回顾性总结我院不同时段接受胰十二指肠切除术老年患者共48例,其中术后接受PN联合EN营养支持的患者25例为研究组（PN＋EN组）,单纯给予PN营养支持的患者23例为对照组（PN组）。记录其一般资料、比较术后内毒素水平和肝功能变化,以及临床结局（死亡率、并发症、术后住院日和总住院费用等）。结果两组内毒素水平术后1d较术前均有升高趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,后随时间逐渐下降,其中术后7和14d分别与术后1d的差值比较,PN＋EN组的下降幅度显著大于PN组（P〈0．01）;两组谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素和直接胆红素值术后1d较术前均有升高趋势,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,术后逐渐下降,术后14d与术后1d的差值PN＋EN组下降幅度显著高于PN组（P〈0．05）;PN＋EN组感染并发症（2／25,8．0％）显著低于PN组（6／23,26．0％,P〈0．05）;总并发症发生率、术后住院日、总住院费用两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论老年患者胰十二指肠切除术后PN联合EN可降低内毒素血症、改善肝功能、减少术后感染并发症。     

心血管疾病治疗药物临床应用分析

目的:研究分析我院内科心血管疾病药物的临床应用情况.方法:对我院内科2011年出院病历400份对临床使用情况进行总结,分析其应用疾病种类、药物利用指数(DUI)及用药频次(DDDs).结果:心血管疾病常见治疗药物有15种,其中药物使用频率占据前两位的硝苯地平40.70%、缬沙坦37.48%;其余药物;卡托普利、赖诺普利、尼莫地平DUI>1.0,其余各类药物DUI均≤1.结论:我院内科心血管治疗药物应用最多,整体用药合理,符合相关药物应用原则,但是仍存在部分滥用情况,需要得到重视.     

食管贲门癌术后早期肠内与肠外营养的对比研究

目的观察食管贵门痛术后早期肠内与肠外营养的临床效果,探讨早期肠内营养对食管贲门癌患者术后的影响。方法将96例食管、贲门癌患者随机分为EN组和PN组,EN组给予肠内营养,PN组给予肠外营养,观察两组患者胃肠道功能恢复及不良反膻情况。结果EN组术后8天PA水平高于PN组;TBIL、GGT均低于PN组,组间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,mEN组术后肠蠕动恢复时间明显提前于PN组,住院时间明显短于PN组,营养支持费用明显少于PN纰,两组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;EN组并发症的发生率为10．42％,明显低于PN组的29．17％（P〈0．05）。结论食管贲门癌术后早期营养支持可有效改善机体营养状态,促进胃肠道功能恢复。     

肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘时的营养支持研究

目的 :研究肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘时的营养支持方法及其作用。　方法 :2 3例肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘病人行TPN→PN +EN→TEN→EN +口服饮食序贯营养支持。收集各阶段的营养物质供给量、天数、所占比例及各营养支持阶段末期的肝酶谱 ;统计肠内营养给予途径、全组病例的预后及并发症发生情况 ;比较TPN支持前、TEN支持后 1 5天病人的体重、上臂中点周径、血清总蛋白、白蛋白和前白蛋白浓度。　结果 :2 3例病人住院总天数为 1 498天 ,使用TPN 90 1天 (60 1 % ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 35 .9± 2 3 .4)kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .2 1± 0 .0 6) g/(kg·d) ;使用PN +EN 445天 (2 9.7% ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 2 3 .4± 1 4 .2 )kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .1 8± 0 .0 3) g/(kg·d) ;使用TEN 1 52天 (1 0 .2 % ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 1 6 .3± 1 9.6)kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .1 7± 0 .0 4 ) g/(kg·d) ,肠内营养途径依次是鼻肠管1 3例 ,空肠造口管 5例 ,堵瘘 3例 ,鼻胃管 2例。全组死亡 4例 ,治愈 1 9例 ;中心静脉导管感染 2例 ,肝酶谱改变 6例 ,腹胀、腹泻 3例 ;TEN支持后阶段营养指标明显改善。　结论 :TPN→PN +EN→TEN→EN +口服饮食的序贯营养支持模式是肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘病人的合理、有效营养支持方法 ,其中PN是主要手段     

贲门癌术后肠道内和肠道外营养支持的观察

目的　观察不同途径的营养支持对经腹贲门癌术后病人的疗效。方法　 1 1 5例贲门癌患者分成肠外营养 (PN组 ) ,肠内营养 (EN组 )以及对照三组。 PN组 :给以全肠外静脉高营养液 (TPN) ,每日用量 :2 0 %的脂肪乳剂 2 50 ml、复方氨基酸溶液 1 0 0 0 ml,2 0 %的葡萄糖溶液 1 0 0 0ml,术后由周围静脉连续输注 8～ 9d;EN组 :术前放置营养管在胃内 ,术后常规补液 ,肠蠕动恢复后 ,由营养管注入要素膳 ,每日 30 0 g。对照组 ,术后给以常规补液 (1 0 %葡萄糖溶液 2 50 0 ml/d,5%葡萄糖盐水 1 0 0 0 ml/d) ,由周围静脉连续静点 8～ 9d。比较指标 :对体重、氮平衡、血浆白蛋白、血常规进行了测定 ,并对术后并发症的发生情况进行比较。结果　本研究组病人无手术死亡和吻合口瘘发生 ,测定指标比较 ,PN组和 EN组明显优于对照组。结论　经腹贲门癌手术后的患者、肠内或肠外营养支持是必要的。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.