多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药基因的检测与分析

目的:调查我院多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶编码基因、外膜通道蛋白D2(OprD2)基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和耐消毒剂基因的存在状况。方法:采用K-B法测定临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对17种抗菌药物的药物敏感性,筛选出100株多重耐药菌株,采用聚合酶链反应检测β-内酰胺酶编码基因、OprD2基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和耐消毒剂基因。结果:100株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中β-内酰胺酶编码基因CTX-M-1群、TEM、DHA的检出率分别为54.0%、30.0%、9.0%,未检出SHV、OXA-10群、PER、GES、VEB、CARB、IMP和VIM基因;OprD2基因的缺失率为61.0%;氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ的阳性率分别为59.0%、33.0%、25.0%,未检出aac(6′)-Ⅰ;耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1的检出率为15.0%。结论:我院多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌存在多种耐药基因,对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药主要与CTX-M-1群、TEM、DHA型耐药基因有关,对亚胺培南耐药主要与OprD2基因缺失有关,对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药主要与aac(6′)-Ⅱ、a...     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶基因研究

目的 对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌进行相关耐药基因研究.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM、SPM、GIM基因进行检测与分析.结果 62株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌中16株IMP和5株VIM型金属酶基因阳性,SPM和GIM型金属酶基因全部为阴性.结论 铜绿假单胞菌产金属β-内酰胺酶是泰安地区该菌对亚胺堵南耐药的重要机制.     

医院感染铜绿假单胞菌菌株亲缘性分析

目的了解医院感染铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)菌株的亲缘性。方法聚合酶链反应(PCR)法对多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌进行β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因、耐消毒剂基因(qacE△1-sul1)的检测,并以耐药基因为分子标志作聚类分析。结果TEM、CARB、VIM的阳性率分别为24.32%、43.24%、5.40%,而SHV、CTX-M、OXA-10 group、PER、GES、VEB、DHA、IMP基因均阴性;oprD2缺失率为86.49%;aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ阳性率分别为8.11%、43.24%、18.91%、40.54%、qacE△1基因为51.35%,存在克隆传播现象。结论医院感染铜绿假单胞菌可导致克隆传播医院感染,并存在暴发性流行。     

铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制的研究

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制。方法 用PCR法对铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南耐药相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM基因和外膜蛋白OprD2基因等3种主要耐药基因进行了检测与分析。结果 35株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌IMP和VIM型金属酶基因检测均阴性，35株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌OprD2基因检测均阴性，但35株铜绿假单胞菌23S rRNA基因扩增阳性。结论 研究表明湖北襄樊地区铜绿假单胞菌不产生金属酶，但从遗传学角度证实外膜蛋白OprD2基因缺失是襄樊铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药的重要机制。     

耐碳青酶烯类铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因及I型整合酶基因研究

目的研究耐碳青酶烯类铜绿假单胞菌的相关耐药基因及Ⅰ型整合酶基因。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对铜绿假单胞菌碳青酶烯类耐药相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM、SPM、GIM基因和外膜蛋白oprD2基因及Ⅰ型整合酶基因等6种主要耐药基因进行检测与分析。结果51株耐亚胺培南和美罗培南铜绿假单胞菌SPM、GIM金属酶基因检测均阴性,16株IMP和5株VIM型金属酶基因阳性,14株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因阳性,其余37株铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因阴性,7株产金属酶并同时伴有膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失,49株Ⅰ型整合酶基因intⅠ1阳性。结论膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失是铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,其次是产生金属酶,Ⅰ型整合酶基因广泛存在于铜绿假单胞菌中,提示要加强对耐药基因在病原菌种属间传播和扩散的监测工作。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌亲缘性分析

目的了解耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌菌株的亲缘性。方法聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌进行β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMEs）基因、消毒剂耐药基因（qacE△1-sul1）、膜微孔蛋白基因（oprD2）及整合酶基因（intⅠ1）的检测,并以耐药基因为分子标记作聚类分析。结果β-内酰胺类耐药相关基因TEM、CARB、DHA、IMP阳性率分别为5.9%、32.4%、14.7%、17.6%,而SHV、OXA-10、PER、VEB、GES、VIM、GIM、SPM均为阴性;oprD2缺失率为2.9%;aac（6′）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅱ和ant（2″）-Ⅰ阳性率分别为21.2%、33.3%、48.5%;qacE△1-sull基因为41.2%;IntⅠ1阳性率为3.0%,试验菌株存在克隆传播和近缘关系现象。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌可导致克隆传播,遗传标志物聚类分析方法可快速了解试验菌株间的亲缘关系。     

多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶基因与转座子、整合子遗传标记研究

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌连续分离株的β-内酰胺酶基因、孔膜蛋白oprD2基因及整合子和转座子介导的各种耐药基因的分布状况.方法 纸片扩散法测定铜绿假单胞菌对17种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR方法检测20株铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶编码基因、孔膜蛋白oprDz基因、Tn21/Tn501型转座子编码基因merA、Ⅰ类整合子编码基因qacE△l-sull;采用PCR直接全自动荧光法进行阳性基因测序.结果 20株铜绿假单胞菌检出TEM、OXA-2群、OXA-10群、CARB 4种p.内酰胺酶基因.未检出质粒型AmpC酶和金属β-内酰胺酶基因;膜孔蛋白编码基因oprD:均为缺失型,Tn21/Tn501型转座子遗传标记MerA阳性7株(35.0%),Ⅰ类整合子遗传标记qacE△l-sull阳性10株(50.0%),2号株作OXA-2群阳性基因测序,与OXA-21型接近,但仍存在2个氨基酸序列差别,可确认为新亚型.结论 多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶类抗菌药物的耐药主要与TEM、OXA、CARB型耐药基因有关,整合子与转座子参与了铜绿假单胞菌的耐药和多药耐药,并发现1种铜绿假单胞菌OXA基因新亚型.     

多重耐药菌中β-内酰胺酶基因监测

目的了解多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中β-内酰胺酶基因的分布情况。方法采用聚合酶联链反应(PCR)检测78株多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中的TEM、SHV和CTX—M等3种β-内酰胺酶基因,并进行DNA测序。结果 50株铜绿假单胞菌中37株TEM基因阳性(74.0%),未检出SHV和CTX—M基因,28株鲍曼不动杆菌中25株TEM基因阳性(89.3%),2株SHV阳性(7.1%),未检出CTX—M基因。结论多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中的β-内酰胺酶基因类型以TEM型较为流行。     

多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、消毒剂耐药相关基因研究

目的了解多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)中β-内酰胺酶、oprD2基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶及qacE△1基因存在状况。方法铜绿假单胞菌使用VITEK仪器鉴定,琼脂稀释法行MIC药敏试验,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测TEMI、MP、VIM、oprD2、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰa、ac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ、qacE△1。结果TEM基因检出率分别为51.4%,IMP、VIM基因未检出,oprD2基因缺失率为60.0%;aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ等5种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检出率分别为48.6%、40.0%、54.3%、45.7%、60.0%;qacE△1基因为94.3%。结论在35株多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌中,β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检出率较高,耐消毒剂基因检出率很高,应该引起高度重视。     

哈尔滨地区铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶耐药基因的研究

目的分析哈尔滨地区铜绿假单胞菌β-内酰胺酶耐药基因型的存在情况,对早期发现和预防医院感染的暴发流行提供帮助。方法收集哈尔滨地区临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌株共210株。所有菌株进行Amp C表型检测、EDTA纸片协同试验及ESBLs的表型确证检测。应用PCR检测铜绿假单胞菌10种β-内酰胺酶类编码基因,并作比对分析。结果筛选出94株多重耐药株,检出率为44.8%,其中62株成功提取β-内酰胺酶,29株产Amp C酶(46.8%),17株产ESBLs(27.4%),5株同时产ESBLs+Amp C酶(8.1%),5株产金属酶(8.06%);应用PCR检测94株多重耐药株10种β-内酰胺酶类编码基因,检测出IMP基因、VIM基因、Amp C基因,其余基因均为阴性。结论哈尔滨地区4所医院多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中,均检测出IMP基因、VIM基因、Amp C基因。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.