烹调油烟中细颗粒物对胎鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的遗传毒性

探讨烹调油烟细颗粒物对胎鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(AECⅡ)存活率的影响及其遗传毒性。用不同浓度PM2.5对细胞染毒12 h、24 h、48 h,MTT法测细胞存活率;彗星实验检测细胞尾长、尾部DNA百分比、尾矩和Olive尾矩;ELISA试剂盒检测细胞内PAH-DNA加合物的含量。结果显示:(1)PM2.5作用于AECⅡ12 h、24 h、48 h后,产生明显细胞毒性,呈剂量-反应和时间-反应关系;(2)染毒24 h,与低浓度组相比,高浓度组的尾长、尾部DNA百分比、尾矩和Olive尾矩有明显增加(P<0.001);与低浓度染毒组相比,高浓度染毒组的PHA-DNA加合物明显的增加(P<0.05)。提示PM2.5对AECⅡ具有明显的遗传毒性,并呈一定的剂量-反应关系。     

沙尘暴细颗粒物致大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤研究

为探讨沙尘暴细颗粒物(PM2.5)对大鼠肺细胞DNA的损伤作用.将清洁级Wistar大鼠随机分为12组,每组6只,采用气管注入法染毒,分别灌注0、1.5、7.5、37.5 mg/kg的颗粒物悬液,在灌注12、24、48 h后分别处死大鼠,采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测肺细胞DNA的损伤.结果 显示,不同染毒时间,1.5、7.5、37.5 mg/kg的颗粒物悬液均可引起大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤,且随剂量增加损伤作用增大.在1.5和7.5μg/ml组,不同染毒时间DNA迁移长度不同,但随时间的延长不呈时间-效应关系.染毒12 h DNA拖尾最长,48 h次之,24 h最短.不同浓度沙尘暴PM2.5对大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤具有剂量-效应关系;沙尘暴PM2.5作用12 h时对大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤最强.     

细颗粒物污染及对炎性因子IL-6表达的影响

为比较细颗粒物污染水平及研究其炎性损伤毒性 ,选取我国两个不同污染特征的城市太原与北京(燃煤污染 ,燃煤与汽车尾气混合污染 ) ,采用分级采样器收集两城市空气中细颗粒物样品 ,用重量法分析细颗粒物质量浓度 ,细颗粒物上的B(a)P用甲醇超声提取 ,Pb用硝酸和过氧化氢提取 ,比较分析了两城市细颗粒物污染水平 ;同时用ELISA及RT PCR法 ,以人肺泡上皮细胞 (A5 49)作为靶细胞 ,测定了细颗粒物对上皮细胞产生的炎性因子IL 6表达的影响。结果显示 ,以美国EPA大气环境质量PM2 5 标准为参考 ,PM2 5 太原冬季、北京冬季超标率、超标倍数分别为 10 0 % ,4 2 3 ;90 6% ,2 62。太原冬季、北京冬季空气中B(a)P浓度分别为58 6和 10 9ng m3 ,均超过我国标准。北京、太原空气颗粒物上Pb含量均未超过我国居住区大气Pb标准。细颗粒物能引起人肺上皮细胞产生炎性因子IL 6及其mRNA的表达增加 ,而且呈现剂量 -效应关系。本次研究地区空气细颗粒物污染比较严重 ,并具有一定程度的炎性损伤毒性     

大气颗粒物对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响

目的研究大气中粗、细颗粒物对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响,探讨颗粒物的遗传毒性。方法用DFJ-2型分段采样器采集太原市某居民区大气中≤2.5μm和2.5～10μm的颗粒物,在索氏提取器中用二氯甲烷、丙酮和甲醇提取颗粒物中的有机物,用1∶1硝酸提取颗粒物中的金属元素,用原子吸收分光光度法测定颗粒物中金属元素Pb、Ni、Cd和Cr的含量,以人双核淋巴细胞微核试验检测颗粒物的致突变性。结果该居民区大气颗粒物浓度较高,达到0.7919mg/m3,超过国家标准4.28倍,细颗粒物占43.31%;细颗粒物比粗颗粒物含有较多的金属元素和有机物;大气中粗、细颗粒物均可诱发人双核淋巴细胞微核率显著增加(P<0.05和P<0.01),尤其是细颗粒物诱发微核率增加更为明显,随染毒剂量增加,人双核淋巴细胞微核率呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。结论大气颗粒物有一定遗传毒性,而细颗粒物的遗传毒性更强。     

沙尘暴PM2.5对大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤效应

目的探讨沙尘暴细颗粒物（PM205）对大鼠肺细胞的遗传损伤作用。方法采用气管直接注入染毒法，分别给大鼠灌注0，1．5，7．5，37．5mg／kg剂量的颗粒物悬浮液。灌注24h后处死大鼠，采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术（SCGE）检测肺细胞DNA的损伤。结果沙尘暴和正常天气PM2.5均可引起大鼠肺细胞DNA损伤，且随剂量增加而损伤增大。正常天气PM2．5比沙尘暴PM2．5对肺细胞DNA的损伤更大，但差异无统计学意义。结论沙尘暴和正常天气PM2.5均可引起大鼠肺细胞DNA的损伤，由于沙尘暴PM2.5浓度远高于正常天气PM2.5，导致沙尘暴PM2.5对DNA的毒性远大于正常天气PM2．5。     

太原市采暖期前后交通路口PM2.5污染状况分析

目的 了解山西省太原市采暖期前后交通路口细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染状况及其影响因素,为交通环境PM2.5污染防治提供依据.方法 以太原市康乐街路口为监测点,2010年10-11月连续采样,采用质量法测定PM2.5浓度,记录气温、气压、风速和车流量.结果 10月和11月交通路口PM2.5的平均日浓度分别为0.137、0.162 mg/m3,均高于2006年美国环境保护局(EPA)新颁布的PM2.5标准(0.035 mg/m3),其超标百分率分别为100％和96.7％;采暖前PM2.5浓度低于采暖后浓度(P＜0.01);早晨、中午和下午PM2.5浓度差异无统计学意义;细颗粒物的浓度与风速、温度和气压呈负相关,与车流量呈正相关.结论 太原市交通路口PM2.5污染严重,其浓度受到风速、温度、气压和车流量的影响,应对之加强治理.     

杭州市大气PM2.5污染状况及其细胞毒性

目的研究杭州市春夏季大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染状况及其细胞毒性。方法采用PM10 PM2.5-2型颗粒物采样器和重量法收集2005年春季(4—5月)和夏季(7—8月)大气PM2.5样本,采样地点位于杭州市中心。选择WI-38人胚肺细胞株,将春季和夏季大气PM2.5样本分别以25、50、100、200、500μg/ml染毒细胞24 h,并以等量三蒸水为溶剂对照组,采用克隆形成率法测定PM2.5的细胞毒性。结果以2006年美国EPA新颁布的大气环境质量PM2.5标准(0.035 mg/m3)为参考,杭州市春、夏两季超标天数百分率分别为96.7%和90.0%;以1997年颂布的标准(0.065 mg/m3)为参考,分别为33.3%和20.0%。春季大气PM2.5样本染毒细胞,染毒剂量为25、50、100、200、500μg/ml,相对克隆形成率分别为99.6%,96.2%,85.0%,73.8%和54.6%;夏季大气PM2.5样本染毒细胞,染毒剂量为25、50、100、200、500μg/ml相对克隆形成率分别为97.0%,96.9%,88.0%,83.0%和64.7%;相对克隆形成率随着处理剂量的增加而递减...     

乌鲁木齐市大气细颗粒物水溶成分和非水溶成分对人正常肺上皮细胞的毒性作用

目的用大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))染毒人正常肺上皮细胞(BEAS-2B细胞),探讨大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))不同成分对人正常肺上皮细胞(BEAS-2B)的细胞毒性和氧化损伤。方法采集乌鲁木齐市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),实验细胞为人正常肺上皮细胞株BEAS-2B细胞。为比较细颗粒物不同成分对细胞毒性的大小,超声震荡洗脱石英纤维滤膜中的细颗粒物,分析其水溶成分和非水溶成分的毒性。结果对PM_(2.5)中水溶成分和非水溶成分进行剂量为50μg/m L、100μg/m L、200μg/m L和300μg/m L的浓度染毒,结果显示水溶成分的细胞毒性高于非水溶成分(P0.01)。结论大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))可导致细胞损伤,并且组成成分的不同可以导致其对细胞毒性的差异。     

沙尘暴细颗粒物致大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞DNA损伤

[目的]探讨沙尘暴和正常天气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及其水提取物和有机提取物对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的细胞毒性和DNA的损伤作用。[方法]沙尘暴和正常天气PM2.5于2004年3月采集自甘肃省武威市和内蒙古自治区包头市。细胞毒性用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)分析法观察,细胞DNA损伤用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测。[结果]沙尘暴和正常天气PM2.5及其水提取物和有机提取物均对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞产生一定的细胞毒性,且随剂量的增大而增强;然而,沙尘暴与正常天气之间除了包头沙尘暴PM2.5有机提取物之外,余差异均无显著性。正常天气PM2.5和沙尘暴PM2.5水提取物和有机提取物均可引起细胞DNA损伤,且随剂量增加而损伤增大;正常天气PM2.5比沙尘暴PM2.5水提取物和有机提取物对细胞DNA损伤作用更大。不论正常天气PM2.5还是沙尘暴PM2.5,其有机提取物对DNA的损伤作用均比水提取物作用更强,表明PM2.5中引起DNA损伤的主要化学物是有机化合物种类。武威与包头两城市工业水平不同,大气污染程度不同,但两地沙尘暴PM2.5及其水提取物和有机提取物对细胞DNA的损伤作用,在两地之间并无明显差异。[结论]正常天气PM2.5和沙尘暴PM2.5及其水提取物和有机提取物均可引起DNA损伤,且正常天气PM2.5的损伤作用更强;然而不同地方沙尘暴PM2.5毒性作用未见差异,推测其所含遗传毒性化学物可能类似。     

中国三城市春季大气可吸入颗粒物和细颗粒物来源调查

目的 对北京、乌鲁木齐、青岛市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的来源进行探讨.方法 利用2007年5月17日-6月18日采自北京市、2006年4月20日-6月1日采自乌鲁木齐市、2005年4月4日-5月15日采自青岛市的大气PM10和PM2.5中化学成分的检测数据,应用因子分析法和富集因子法进行颗粒物来源分析.结果 北京市大气PM10中主要污染源元素[中位数(最小值～最大值)]为Pb[0.216(0.040～0.795)μg/m3],主要来源于建筑水泥尘、土壤风沙尘(对PM10的方差贡献率为45.35％),工业粉尘、燃煤尘、机动车尾气(31.83％),生物质燃烧尘(13.57％);PM2.5主要污染源元素为Zn[0.365(0.126 ～0.808) μg/m3],污染来源于建筑水泥尘、土壤风沙尘(对PM2.5的方差贡献率为38.86％),工业粉尘、燃煤尘、机动车尾气(25.73％),生物质燃烧尘(13.10％),燃油尘(11.92％).乌鲁木齐大气PM10主要特征污染源元素为Cd[0.463(0.033 ～1.351) ng/m3],污染来源于土壤风沙尘、燃煤尘(对PM10的方差贡献率为49.75％),工业粉尘、机动车尾气、二次粒子尘(30.65％);PM25主要特征污染源元素为As[14.599(1.696 ～36.741) μg/m3],污染来源于土壤风沙尘、燃煤尘(对PM2.5的方差贡献率为43.26％),二次粒子尘(22.29％),工业粉尘、机动车尾气(20.50％).青岛大气PM10主要特征污染源元素为Pb[64.071(5.846～346.831) μg/m3],污染来源于建筑水泥尘(对PM10的方差贡献率为30.91％),机动车尾气、工业粉尘(29.65％),二次粒子尘(28.99％);PM2.5主要特征污染源元素为Pb[57.340(5.004 ～241.559) μg/m3],污染来源于二次粒子尘、工业粉尘、机动车尾气(对PM2.5的方差贡献率为49.82％),建筑水泥尘(33.71％).北京和乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5中重金属元素Zn、Pb、As、Cd的富集因子均高于PM10.结论 北京大气PM10和PM2.5主要来自于建筑水泥尘和土壤风沙尘;乌鲁木齐市则为煤烟沙尘型污染;青岛市大气PM10主要来自于建筑水泥尘,而PM2.5主要来自于二次粒子尘、工业粉尘、机动车尾气污染.重金属元素更易在PM2.5中富集.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.