人工牛黄甲硝唑胶囊微生物限度检查方法验证

目的建立人工牛黄甲硝唑胶囊的微生物限度检查方法。方法通过5种阳性对照菌回收率试验,分别采用离心沉淀法+培养基稀释法和离心集菌薄膜过滤法消除其抑菌作用。结果根据回收率试验结果,必须采用离心集菌及薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除其抑菌作用,3种细菌的回收率均能达到70%。结论人工牛黄甲硝唑胶囊微生物限度检查方法的验证表明应按离心集菌薄膜过滤法对其进行微生物限度检查。     

藏药二十五味鬼臼丸微生物限度检查方法验证

目的建立二十五味鬼臼丸的微生物限度检查方法。方法分别采用常规法、培养基稀释法和薄膜过滤法对4种阳性菌进行回收率试验。结果根据回收率试验结果,二十五味鬼臼丸有较强的抑菌作用,必须采用薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除其抑菌作用,3种细菌的回收率均能达到70%。结论二十五味鬼臼丸微生物限度检查方法的验证表明其细菌计数应按薄膜过滤法,霉菌、酵母菌数和各控制菌均可采用常规法测定。     

头孢克肟颗粒微生物限度检查方法验证

目的:建立头孢克肟颗粒微生物限度检查方法。方法:按中国药典2010年版及中国药品检验标准操作规范2010年版的相关规定,采用5种验证用阳性对照菌回收率试验,确定其微生物限度检查方法。结果:头孢克肟颗粒对霉菌酵母菌无明显抑菌作用,白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌按平皿法试验的回收率均高于70%;头孢克肟颗粒对细菌和控制菌有明显抑菌作用,且必须用薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除抑菌作用,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的回收率才能高于70%。控制菌采用薄膜过滤法,阳性对照组检出试验菌,阴性对照组无菌生长。结论:头孢克肟颗粒微生物限度检查方法,细菌数、控制菌采用薄膜过滤法检查,霉菌酵母菌采用平皿法检查。     

1例长期服用牛黄解毒片致慢性砷中毒报告

目的提醒人们注意牛黄解毒片的毒性作用。方法采用临床观察的方法。结果患者因便秘,在5~6年时间里每天或隔日服5~6片牛黄解毒片,引起慢性砷中毒。结论长期服用牛黄解毒片可致慢性砷中毒。     

沙丁胺醇气雾剂微生物限度检查的方法建立和验证

目的 建立沙丁胺醇气雾剂的微生物限度检查方法,并进行方法验证.方法 接中国药典201年版附录微生物限度的检查方法,用薄膜过滤法对沙丁胺醇气雾剂的细菌、霉菌及酵母菌计数和控制菌检查,并进行方法验证.结果 采用薄膜过滤法,各试验菌在样品中的回收率均达到70％以上,控制菌检查符合要求.结论 薄膜过滤法可用于沙丁胺醇气雾剂的微生物限度检查.     

婴儿爽软膏微生物限度检查法的验证

目的 确认所采用的方法与婴儿爽软膏的微生物限度检查相匹配,确保其检查方法的科学性和检验结果的准确性.方法 采用2010年版<中国药典>(二部)附录"微生物限度检查法"项下相关内容进行方法学验证.结果 经实验结果得出枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌可采用常规法检验,金黄色葡萄球菌可采用培养基稀释法检验,大肠埃希菌可采用薄膜过滤法检验.结论 本试验为婴儿爽乳膏的微生物限度检查提供了方法学依据,对药品的生产及检验有较大的实用价值.     

牛黄解毒版为何"毒性大发"

牛黄解毒片是有着800多年历史的名药.牛黄解毒片是由牛黄解毒丸改变剂型研制而成,是许多家庭常备的"祛火药".近年来,牛黄解毒片不良反应事件发生有上升趋势,引起了专家学者的注意.北京中医药大学姜良铎教授指出,雄黄可能是引起牛黄解毒片(丸)安全性问题的主要原因.雄黄的主要成分是二硫化二砷,若牛黄解毒片(丸)炮制、制备和储存不当,可导致雄黄中二硫化二砷氧化为有毒的三氧化二砷,俗称砒霜.     

结石康胶囊的微生物限度检查方法的研究

目的:研究结石康胶囊的微生物限度检查方法.方法:通过微生物限度检查方法研究确认结石康胶囊的微生物限度检查方法.结果:结石康胶囊的控制菌采用常规法,细菌计数采用培养基稀释法,霉菌、酵母菌常规法.结论:方法有效可行、准确、科学.     

舒郁胶囊微生物限度检查的方法学验证研究

目的 建立舒郁胶囊的微生物限度检验方法.方法 按中国药典2005年版规定,分别采用常规法、培养基稀释法对样品进行微生物限度检查;根据5株阳性对照菌的回收率结果进行其方法学验证试验研究.结果 舒郁胶囊具有抑菌活性,培养基稀释法能有效的去除其抑菌活性.结论 用该法进行微生物限度检查,可以客观地反映药物中微生物的污染状况,以达到检测目的 .     

牛黄解毒片 不能想吃就吃

<正>上火了吃牛黄解毒片,牙龈肿痛了吃牛黄解毒片,咽喉肿痛了也吃牛黄解毒片……牛黄解毒片因疗效较好,是日常生活中最常用的几种中成药之一,许多人把它当作家中常备药,使用的时候毫不顾忌。近来牛黄解毒片所致不良反应引起人们重视,有些人产生了误解,牛黄解毒片仿佛一夜之间成了"毒药",让人不知所从。是药三分毒,我们提醒大家别乱吃解毒片,解毒片也有毒!     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.