中国居民微量营养素的摄入

目的：依据１９９２ 年第三次全国营养调查的结果,分析全国各年龄居民１００ ２０１ 人的微量营养素摄入情况。方法：以中国的食物成分表为计算依据,用１９８８年修订的“推荐每日膳食中营养素供给量（ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ）”作为评价指标,用 Ｓ Ａ Ｓ 统计软件进行分析。结果：钙是中国居民膳食中缺乏最明显的营养素,有５１ ．０ ％ ～６７ ．６ ％ 的城乡个体每日钙摄入量不足１／２ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ; 全国平均视黄醇当量的摄入量占 Ｒ Ｄ Ａ 的６１７ ％ ;核黄素的摄入量占 Ｒ Ｄ Ａ 的５８ ．４ ％ ;铁的摄入量并不低,然而缺铁性贫血是我国居民中普遍存在的营养缺乏病;居民膳食中锌、硒、硫胺素摄入量在８０ ％ ～９０ ％ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ;烟酸、抗坏血酸、维生素 Ｅ 比较充足。结论：对于钙和铁的缺乏应调整膳食结构或适当使用强化食品加以改善。     

中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量

随着强化食品与营养补充剂的发展 ,对营养素的功能有了新的认识 ,欧美各国提出“膳食营养素参考摄入量 (ＤＲＩ)”这一新概念以替代ＲＤＡ。中国营养学会于 1998年成立了制定中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量的专家委员会 ,经过两年多的努力 ,于 2 0 0 0年 5月由常务理事会通过了此参考摄入量。中国居民膳食营养素摄入量 (ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＤｉｅｔａｒｙＲｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅＩｎ ｔａｋｅｓ ,ＤＲＩｓ)是在ＲＤＡｓ基础上发展起来的一组每日平均膳食营养素摄入量的参考值 ,包括 4项内容 :平均需要量 (ＥＡＲ)、推荐摄入量 (ＲＮＩ)、适宜摄入量 (…     

福建省居民的营养现状及改善的几点建议

福建省居民的营养现状及改善的几点建议王明，刘少娟一、膳食状况从１９９２年我省营养调查的情况看，我省居民营养素的摄入基本达到温饱水平。全省平均成年人每日热能摄入量为８９４１．８ＫＪ（占ＲＤＡ的８８．５７％，比全国平均水平低８３５．８ｋＪ），其中城镇居民...     

宁夏吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食调查

目的了解职业技术学院在校学生营养状况，促进平衡膳食、合理营养，为职业技术学院制订学生科学食谱提供依据。方法采用称量记帐法对吴忠市职业技术学院349名学生进行膳食调查。结果蛋白质摄入量占《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量，DRIs》的69％左右；能量摄入分布中，蛋白质供能不足，仅占9．4％(标准为12％～14％)；动物脂肪摄入量偏低；钙摄入量占DRIs的45％左右，严重缺乏；核黄素摄入量为DRIs的53％左右，维生素A摄入量占DRIs的65％左右；铁、硫胺素、尼克酸以及维生素C摄入量大于DRIs。结果吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食结构不合理，应增加蛋白质、矿物质、钙和维生素A、B2的摄入量。     

乌鲁木齐市213名汉族孕妇膳食营养状况调查

目的：了解乌鲁木齐市汉族孕妇膳食营养摄入及各种营养素达标情况,以便改善和提高孕妇的营养状况。方法随机选择自治区妇幼保健院营养门诊就诊的213名汉族孕妇作为调查对象,采用问卷方式24小时膳食回顾法对每个调查对象进行膳食调查,建立数据库,与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（ DRIs）》进行比较分析。结果孕妇膳食结构不合理,虽然孕期蔬菜与水果类摄入量已达到中国营养学会推荐摄入量,但其他种类食物却低于推荐摄入量。孕早期能量摄入2086．70kcal,孕中期3200．40kcal,孕晚期3650．70kcal,分别占RNI的90．70％、128．00％和130．40％;孕早期蛋白质摄入61．60kcal,孕中期71．70kcal,孕晚期71．30kcal,分别占RNI的82．10％、89．60％和83．90％,而且植物性蛋白质摄入过多,动物性蛋白摄入量低于全国30％的平均水平;孕妇膳食中钙、铁主要来源是植物性食物,分别占65％和90％,但在植物性食物中钙、铁的吸收率很低;维生素C、维生素B 6以及叶酸摄入不足,其中叶酸摄入量严重缺乏,孕早期叶酸摄入68．50μg,孕中期84．90μg,孕晚期93．20μg,分别占RNI的11．40％、14．20％和15．50％。结论孕妇各期膳食结构不合理;孕早期热能及营养素不能满足机体需要,孕中、晚期膳食较为合理,但维生素B6、维生素C、叶酸的摄入水平严重不足;动物性蛋白、钙、铁摄入不足。     

德惠市某农村寄宿中学初三学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解德惠市某农村寄宿中学初三学生的膳食营养状况,为学生合理营养提供科学依据.方法 采用称重记账法,对德惠市某农村寄宿中学172名初三学生每日三餐主、副食供给量连续3d进行称重及登记,记录三餐各种食物的摄入量和每日就餐人数.查阅《食物成分表》,计算每人每日所需能量和主要营养素摄入量,依据“中国居民膳食平衡宝塔”和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行评价.结果 初三学生三餐能量比基本接近3:4:3;食物种类过少;钙、锌摄入普遍不足.男、女生钙摄入量仅占建议量的40％;锌摄入量女生低于建议量的60％,男生低于建议量的75％;女生视黄醇摄入不足,铁明显缺乏,摄入量占建议量的64％;男生维生素C摄入不足,低于建议量的65％.结论 初三学生膳食结构不够合理,对学生及膳食管理人员应加强营养知识教育,按膳食指南和平衡膳食宝塔的要求合理安排膳食.     

重庆市中小学生膳食营养状况的概率分析

采用概率分析法对重庆市６２０名７－１５岁散居中小学生的膳食调查资料进行评价。结果表明，用概率分析法评价膳食调查资料预示各种营养素摄入不足的发生率 高于用人群营养素摄入量均值与ＲＤＡ作直接对照的结果。所有学生营养素摄入不足的概率均以钙及硫胺素为最高，钙、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、锌、蛋白质和铁摄入不足的概率分别为：５７．１－７９．７％，３４．３－６０．５％，１４．３－４３．９％，１５．９－３１．９％     

某部飞行员飞行期间膳食调查与身体质量指数分析

对５８名飞行员的膳食调查结果表明，热能及各种营养素达到或超过ＲＤＡ，蛋白质质量较好，其供热所占热比＞１５％；膳食脂肪来自动物性食物所占比重较大，而钙、铁、锌则以植物性来源为主。膳食中硫胺素摄入不足，占营养素供给标准（ＲＤＡ）的８１．２％。身体质量指数（ＢＭＩ）显示营养状况正常者为８４．５％，超重或肥胖者为１５．５％。     

中下经济水平农村儿童膳食核黄素摄入量与铁营养关系调查

对贵州省５个中、下经济水平县（市）农村２０个乡（镇）的４３４５名０～６岁儿童进行核黄素缺乏、血红蛋白与体格发育以及１０％的３～５岁儿童膳食调查的结果表明：膳食构成植物性食物来源摄入量占９３．８％，核黄素摄入量仅占供给量推荐标准（ＲＤＡ）的３１．６％，铁摄入量超过ＲＤＡ达１１０％。核黄素缺乏率均达１４．４％，贫血率均达３９．１％，身材矮小率高达４３．３％，低体重儿为２６．６％（Ｆ值Ｐ＜０．０１，ｑ值Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示由于喂养问题，核黄素缺乏与贫血、生长发育有一定的关联性。     

海南省城乡居民膳食营养状况分析

对１９９２年海南省城乡人群的膳食结构和营养状况调查结果进行了分析。结果表明，热能摄入量偏低，食物搭配不合理，三大主要营养素摄入量，城市高于农村，各类营养素的摄入量随着经济收入的增加而上升。城市钙、锌、视黄醇，硫胺素、核黄素摄入不足，农村钙、硫胺素、核黄素摄入仅占供给量（ＲＤＡ）５０％。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市为２１．１％，农村为１１．６％。学龄前儿童热量、钙、锌摄入不足，维生素缺乏。     

Nutritional intake from food sources of high school football athletes

Male high school football athletes served as subjects (no. = 134; age = 15.0 +/- 1.2 years, range = 12 to 18 years; weight = 67.7 +/- 13.9 kg) (mean +/- standard deviation) in a dietary survey project to characterize nutritional intake from food sources. Dietary intake data were collected using the recall method for 1 weekday during the summer when athletes participated in unsupervised, informal conditioning. Subjects were grouped by age as junior high (JR-HI: 12 to 14 years) or senior high (SR-HI: 15 to 18 years) students. Absolute mean energy and nutrient intakes, except for vitamin A, were statistically greater for SR-HI relative to JR-HI (p less than .02). These findings are consistent with age-related growth on nutritional intake. Mean nutritional intakes from food sources for SR-HI met or exceeded the RDAs. For JR-HI, mean intakes met or exceeded the RDAs except for energy (94% RDA) and zinc (87% RDA). Mean intakes exceeded those of a representative sample of same-age boys in the larger American population.     

Food choices of vegetarians and nonvegetarians during pregnancy and lactation

Data on food choices and nutrient intake were obtained from 60 lactating women, including 29 vegetarians. The most common changes in consumption patterns during pregnancy were increased intake of high-protein foods, especially milk products, and decreased intake of coffee, tea, and alcohol. The changes were partially based on food cravings and/or aversions. In addition to high-protein foods, some of the women craved fruits and sweets. Items most commonly eliciting aversive reactions were vegetables, strong-smelling and strong-tasting combination dishes, and greasy foods. Aversions to coffee, tea, and alcohol were almost as frequent as those to greasy foods. Nutrient intake during lactation was measured using 24-hour recalls and 2-day diet records that also considered dietary supplements. A total of 332 intake records were evaluated relative to the RDAs for lactating women. Mean energy intake was 2,200 kcal (88% of the recommendation), and mean protein intake was 86 gm (134% of the RDA). Mean nutrient intakes from diet alone ranged from 89% of the RDA for iron to 154% for vitamin A; mean intakes from diet plus supplements ranged from 133% of the RDA for calcium to 581% of the RDA for thiamin. Dietary supplementation provided a substantial part of the intake of some nutrients; for most women, however, the RDAs were met by diet alone.     

中国居民微量营养素摄入的地区分布

本文依据１９９２年全国营养调查各省不同年龄居民的膳食情况,详细分析了各省、市、自治区居民微量营养素的摄入情况。分析结果显示烟酸、抗坏血酸和维生素Ｅ的摄入比较充足,大部分省份居民摄入硫胺素、锌和硒较好,而钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素摄入量普遍不足。东北、西北和西南内陆地区是营养素缺乏比较集中的地区。本文分析的结果可以为分区或分省进行微量营养素膳食干预或食物强化提供参考。     

Analyzed vitamin B-6 intakes of pregnant and postpartum lactating and nonlactating women

Daily dietary food composites were collected for three consecutive days from 36 women (23 who planned to breast feed their infants and 13 who planned to formula feed their infants) at approximately the 37th week of pregnancy and at one, three, and six months postpartum. When the food composites were collected, each woman also kept detailed food intake records. Daily protein and energy intakes were calculated from the records. Representative aliquots of the homogenized food composites were analyzed microbiologically for total vitamin B-6. The data from the composite analyses indicate that the daily dietary intakes of vitamin B-6 for both groups of women in late pregnancy through six months postpartum were substantially less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). During pregnancy, the women who planned to breast feed their infants consumed diets which provided 54% of the RDA. The women who planned to formula feed their infants consumed diets which provided only 44% of the RDA for vitamin B-6 for pregnant women. At one, three, and six months postpartum, the diets of the lactating women provided 61% of their RDA for vitamin B-6, and the diets of the nonlactating women provided a mean of 46%. Of the 402 daily dietary composites analyzed, only 6% met or exceeded the RDA for vitamin B-6 for the women while they were pregnant or postpartum, either lactating or nonlactating.     

Dietary patterns in three English towns in relation to dietary goals and RDAs

The nutrient intakes of 1115 men and 1225 women aged 35–54 years living in three English towns were compared with recommended goal intakes and recommended daily allowances (RDA). The majority of subjects consumed more energy derived from fat, more sugar and less fibre than the goal levels. Less than 2% of subjects in any town or sex were meeting all the dietary goals. A third of the subjects stated that they had changed their diet in the last year. The most common reasons given for dietary change were to improve health and to lose weight. Comparison of nutrient intakes with the RDAs showed that most subjects were consuming levels which met the RDAs, although energy intake in women was low.     

北京山区3所小学学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与生长发育状况研究

目的：了解北京近郊山区学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与体格发育状况，方法：采用膳食调查等方法调查学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量状况；测量其同期身高，体重，计算身体质量指数（BMI）并与正常参考值比较。结果：（1）受检儿童膳食能量、蛋白质、铁、硫胺素与维生素C平均每日摄入量均达RDA的85％以上，膳食钙、锌、视黄醇与核黄素分别低于RDA的70％，膳食钙摄入量仅占RDA的36．9％。（2）食物频率调查显示，食物构成比较单调，经常摄入的是米，面和蔬菜，而鱼类，肉类、猪肝、豆制品等很少摄入，经常不吃早餐的儿童占27．1％，早餐食物质量不高，主要为方便面，米饭，缺乏牛肉，豆浆，鸡蛋等。（3）平均身高，体重与全国调研标准基本符合。男生超重检出率为9．77％，肥胖检出率为4．78％；女生超重检出率为10．93％，肥胖检出率为2．50％，结论：该人群膳食主体是以植物性食物为主，缺少动脉性食物，豆类及其制品，属温饱型膳食结构，应采取合理的综合干预措施，有效地改善其膳食营养状况。     

Seasonal variation of food consumption and selected nutrient intake in Linxian,a high risk area for esophageal cancer in China

Linxian, China, is a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer and a history of poor nutritional status. Nutrition Intervention Trials were conducted in this area from 1985 through 1991 and found a reduction in total cancer mortality in the group receiving supplementation of beta-carotene/selenium/alpha-tocopherol. The positive results of those trials have, in part, been ascribed to the poor nutritional status of this population. To investigate more recent food patterns, nutrient intakes, and seasonal variations in the diet, dietary surveys were conducted among the residents of Linxian in 1996. Food consumption data were collected among 104 households in spring and 106 households in autumn using a method of food inventory changes. Intake of nutrients was estimated and compared to the Chinese Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). In both seasons, the five most common food groups consumed were cereals, fresh vegetables, yams, seasoning, and eggs. Low nutrient intakes were found for selenium (79% RDA and 66% RDA), zinc (72% RDA and 62% RDA), vitamin B2 (64% RDA and 52% RDA), and calcium (53% RDA and 39% RDA) in both spring and autumn. A large seasonal variation was seen in the consumption of leafy vegetables, root vegetables and eggs, all of which might have contributed to the lower intake of vitamin A (25% RDA), vitamin C (75% RDA), protein (76% RDA), and vitamin E (78% RDA) in autumn. These indicate that the nutrient intake in Linxian is inadequate for a number of vitamins and minerals including those shown to be associated with esophageal cancer.     

Changes in the diets of university students over a six-year period (1986–1991)

First year students from six consecutive years (1986–1991) completed one week weighed dietary surveys. From these data, dietary intakes of a variety of nutrients were determined. Data were compared with literature values for other young adults; with recommended daily amounts (RDA) in place at the time, and where appropriate with more recent dietary reference values (DRV).
Results show that nutrient intakes, including alcohol intakes, of students were generally similar to those of other young adults, and close to RDAs. Female students tended to eat a smaller proportion of their energy as fat, and their total energy intake showed a consistent decrease across the years studied. This could reflect the ever increasing emphasis on a slim female shape, and is notable as these females did not consider themselves to be on weight-reducing diets. Intakes of minor nutrients showed few differences compared with other young adults, although a large variation in intakes was noted. On average, most vitamin intakes were above the RDA, but vitamin A intake amongst females was declining, and in latter years was below the RDA. Female intakes of riboflavin also tended to be low. Contrary to suggestions of low calcium intakes amongst adolescents, students were consuming more than the RDA, and more calcium than other young adults. A large proportion of the females, in all years, were not reaching the RDA for iron, suggesting the possibility of iron-deficiency anaemia if intakes remain low.     

中国非高碘地区人群膳食碘摄入量评估

目的评估中国非高碘地区(水碘含量<150μg/L)人群膳食碘摄入量不足的潜在风险。方法利用中国营养与健康状况调查资料、食盐消费量数据和饮用水推荐摄入量,以及中国食物成分表及盐碘和水碘监测数据,估计我国非高碘地区13个性别-年龄组人群在食用加碘食盐和不加碘食盐情形下的膳食碘摄入量,并与我国的膳食碘摄入量推荐标准进行比较。结果在非高碘地区食用加碘盐情况下,虽然人群的平均碘摄入量均高于推荐摄入量(RNI),但碘摄入量超过最高耐受摄入量(UL)的比例平均为5.8%,而低于RNI的比例平均为13.4%,并且18岁以上成人(含孕妇和乳母)低于平均需要量(EAR)的比例为9.4%,且食盐对膳食碘的贡献率远高于饮用水和各类食物;在非高碘地区食用不加碘盐的情况下,虽然多数性别-年龄组人群的平均碘摄入量高于RNI,但摄入量低于RNI的平均比例高达97.6%,其中18岁以上成人(含孕妇和乳母)低于EAR的比例为97.4%,且各类食物合并的平均碘贡献率高于饮用水。结论中国非高碘地区居民碘缺乏的健康风险大于碘过量的健康风险,这在食用不加碘食盐的情况下尤为明显;加碘食盐应当是非高碘地区居民膳食碘的最主要来源。