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1.
Schäfer M 《Medicine, health care, and philosophy》1999,2(3):265-274
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the epistemic position of psychiatry between the science of general laws in
relation to frequently encountered generality and the science of specific events which is directed towards the particular.
In this respect the development of the dichotomy of nomothetic and idiographic methodology from its generally forgotten neo-Kantian
origins (Windelband, Rickert, Natorp, Bauch, Münch, Hessen, Münsterberg) is delineated within the context of a historical-philosophical
analysis and then its incorporation into psychology and psychopathology (Stern, Binswanger, Kronfeld, Jaspers) is reconstructed.
In the course of this analysis and also in the discussion of the currently accepted theories of analytical philosophy (Stegmüller)
and critical rationalism (Popper) it becomes clear that, in spite of widespread current opinions to the contrary, individualizing
concept formation is an indispensable element in the methodological inventory of psychiatric science.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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de Greeff SC Spanjaard L Dankert J Hoebe CJ Nagelkerke N de Melker HE 《European journal of epidemiology》2006,21(4):315-321
In order to come to a reliable evaluation of the effectiveness of the chosen vaccination policy regarding meningococcal disease,
the completeness of registrations on meningococcal disease in the Netherlands was estimated with the capture–recapture method.
Data over 1993–1998 were collected from (A) mandatory notifications (n = 2926); (B) hospital registration (n = 3968); (C) laboratory surveillance (n = 3484). As the standard capture–recapture method does not take into account false positive diagnoses, we developed a model
to adjust for the lack of specificity of our sources. We estimated that 1363 cases were not registered in any of the three
sources in the period of study. The completeness of the three sources was therefore estimated at 49% for source A, 67% for
source B and 58% for source C. After adjustment for false positive diagnoses, the completeness of source A, B, and C was estimated
as 52%, 70% and 62%, respectively. The capture–recapture methods offer an attractive approach to estimate the completeness
of surveillance sources and hence contribute to a more accurate estimate of the disease burden under study. However, the method
does not account for higher-order interactions or presence of false positive diagnoses. Being aware of these limitations,
the capture–recapture method still elucidates the (in)completeness of sources and gives a rough estimate of this (in)completeness.
This makes a more accurate monitoring of disease incidence possible and hence attributes to a more reliable foundation for
the design and evaluation of health interventions such as vaccination programs. 相似文献
6.
Seok-Un Park Jong-Guk Kim Mi-Jeong Jeong Byoung-Ju Song 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,60(4):576-589
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants worldwide; currently, they are being described as potential
persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study is aimed to identify sources of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Sihwa and
Banwol industrial area by using diagnostic ratios and multivariate factor analysis such as principal component analysis/absolute
principal component score (PCA/APCS) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The atmospheric PAHs level was 8.07–177 ng/m3 (gaseous phase: 5.93–68.4 ng/m3; particulate phase: 1.85–128 ng/m3) and PAHs concentration in the warm period was lower than the cold period. As a result of the examination of relative BaP
concentration, photodecomposition was found not to be an important factor in the seasonal difference of PAHs concentration
in this study. Source identification was first carried out through a double ratio plot. As a result of double ratio plots,
atmospheric PAHs in this study were found to stem from the combination of vehicular emission, combustion (coal or biomass–wood
or grass), and petroleum. Moreover, PCA/APCS and PMF showed that the main sources were vehicular emission and coal combustion
and and incineration-related source with a summed contribution of about 72.6–86.7%. Finally, the fitness of the two models
was very good; the estimated values were highly correlated with the measured values (R
2 = 0.991–0.999, p < 0.05). 相似文献
7.
Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fromme H Midasch O Twardella D Angerer J Boehmer S Liebl B 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2007,80(4):313-319
Objectives Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a large group of chemicals produced for several decades and widely used for many industrial
and consumer applications. Because of their global occurrence in different environmental media, their persistence, and their
potential to bioaccumulate in organisms they are of toxicological and public concern.
Methods In the present study, the internal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 356 human
plasma samples collected from an adult population in Germany in 2005 is quantified.
Results We were able to detect the target analytes in all plasma samples and observed a significant correlation between the PFOS and
PFOA concentrations. In female participants, the levels of PFOS and PFOA ranged between 2.5–30.7 (median: 10.9 μg/l) and 1.5–16.2 μg/l
(median: 4.8 μg/l), respectively. In males we observed concentrations from 2.1 to 55.0 μg/l (median: 13.7 μg/l) for PFOS and
from 0.5 to 19.1 μg/l (median: 5.7 μg/l) for PFOA. A significant correlation between both PFOS and PFOA concentrations and
gender was observed. We also found increased levels of the PFCs with increasing age of the participants, but this association
reached statistical significance among females only.
Conclusions Our data agree well with results of other recent studies in Europe and suggest that the current exposure of the adult German
population is lower than the exposure of the US and Canadian population. The sources of human exposure are currently not well
understood. Toxicological implications are restricted to animal studies and occupational investigations not adequate for quantitative
risk assessment in humans. Overall, more scientific research is necessary to characterize the body burden of PFCs (especially
for relevant subsets of the population) and the main sources and routes, which are responsible for human exposure and possible
health implications of these compounds. 相似文献
8.
A. Mariscal J. Gómez-Aracena M. C. Varo J. Fernández-Crehuet 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》1998,35(4):588-593
Most commercially available test kits for water and foodstuffs use β-galactosidase activity for coliforms and β-glucuronidase
activity for Escherichia coli. We tested the effects on the β-glucuronidase activity of E. coli W3110 of substances usually present in foods and several synthetic pharmaceutical compounds. Thirteen substances were tested:
three carbohydrates, four flavonoids, five monosaccharide derivatives, and dimethyl sulphoxide. In a minimum medium without
any other carbon source, glucose (0.1 mM), quercetin (0.1 mM), silymarin (10 mg/L), D-gluconic acid (0.01 mM), D-gluconic
acid lactone (0.01 mM), isopropyl-β-D-thiogalacto pyranoside (1 mM), p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide (1 mM), and DMSO (1 M)
completely inhibited E. coli glucuronidase activity at the above concentrations. However, the following compounds stimulated E. coli glucuronidase activity within the ranges of concentrations shown: glucose (0.0001–0.01 mM), lactose and sucrose (>0.1 mM),
D-saccharic acid 1,4 lactone (0.0001–0.1 mM), p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide (0.001–0.01 mM) and DMSO (2–500 mM). In a rich
culture medium that contained other carbon sources (lauryl tryptose broth) E. coli glucuronidase activity in the presence of the extra nutrients was unaffected by the test substances and therefore, under
normal conditions in water or foods, they should not interfere with E. coli assays based on measurements of β-glucuronidase activity.
Received: 17 February 1998/Accepted: 1 July 1998 相似文献
9.
Evangelos Polychronopoulos MD PhD Akis Zeimbekis MD Christina-Maria Kastorini RD Natassa Papairakleous RD MSc Ioanna Vlachou MD Vassiliki Bountziouka RD MSc Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos PhD 《European journal of nutrition》2008,47(1):10-16
Background Obesity and diabetes are metabolic disorders that affect a large amount of the elderly population and are related to increased
cardiovascular risk. Tea intake has been associated with lower risk of mortality and morbidity in some, but not all studies.
We evaluated the association between tea intake, blood glucose levels, in a sample of elderly adults.
Methods During 2005–2006, 300 men and women from Cyprus, 142 from Mitilini and 100 from Samothraki islands (aged 65–100 years) were
enrolled. Dietary habits (including tea consumption) were assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. Among various factors,
fasting blood glucose and body mass index (BMI) were measured.
Results Fifty-four percent of the participants reported that they consume tea at least once a week (mean intake 1.6 ± 1.1 cup/day).
A significant interaction was observed between tea intake, obesity status on glucose levels (P < 0.001). After adjusting for various confounders, tea intake was associated with lower blood glucose levels in non-obese
(P for trend <0.001), but not in obese people (P = 0.24). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that moderate tea consumption (1–2 cups/day) was associated with
88% (95% CI 76–98%) lower odds of having diabetes among non-obese participants, irrespective of age, sex, smoking, physical
activity status, dietary habits and other clinical characteristics.
Conclusion Tea consumption is associated with reduced levels of fasting blood glucose only among non-obese elderly people. 相似文献
10.
M. W. van Ittersum H. J. Bieleman M. F. Reneman F. G. J. Oosterveld J. W. Groothoff C. P. van der Schans 《Journal of occupational rehabilitation》2009,19(3):238-244
Introduction The Work Well Functional Capacity Evaluation (WW FCE) is a two-day performance based test consisting of several work-related
activities. Three lifting and carrying test items may be performed on both days. The objective of this study was to assess
the need for repeated testing of these items in subjects with early osteoarthritis of the hip and/or the knee and to analyze
sources of variation between the 2 days of measurement. Methods A standardized WW FCE protocol was applied, including repeated testing of lifting low, lifting overhead and carrying. Differences
and associations between the 2 days were calculated using paired samples t-tests, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and limits of agreement (LoA). Possible sources of individual variation
between the 2 days were identified by Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for differences
in performances between days and differences in possible sources of variation between days. Results Seventy-nine subjects participated in this study, their mean (SD) age was 56.6 (4.8) years, median (min–max) WOMAC (Western
Ontario and McMaster Universities) index scores for pain, stiffness and physical function were 5 (0–17), 3 (0–7) and 14 (0–49),
respectively. Median (min–max) SF36 physical function was 75 (5–95), and SF36 pain score was 67 (12–76). Mean performance
differences ranged from −0.2 to −0.8 kg (P > 0.05). ICC’s ranged from 0.75 (lifting overhead) to 0.88 (lifting low). LoA were: lifting low 8.0 kg; lifting overhead
6.5 kg; carrying 9.0 kg. Pearson’s correlations were low and non-significant. Conclusions All three tests show acceptable two-day consistency. WW FCE testing on two consecutive days is not necessary for groups of
subjects with early osteoarthritis. Individual sources of variation could not be identified. 相似文献
11.
Conor-James MacDonald Anne-Laure Madika Fabrice Bonnet Guy Fagherazzi Martin Lajous Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault 《European journal of epidemiology》2020,35(5):465-469
Multiple randomised controlled trials have shown high doses of cocoa to reduce blood pressure and improve endothelial function. However, evidence regarding long-term consumption of cocoa and its potential effect on hypertension is lacking. We aimed to prospectively evaluate if cocoa intake from various food sources was associated with incident hypertension. Among 45,653 women of the E3N cohort, chocolate consumption was estimated from a 208 item dietary questionnaire and 24-h recall. Quantities of cocoa for certain foods including chocolate drinks, Danish pastries, chocolate biscuits, chocolate cakes, chocolate candy-bars, plain chocolate bars, and chocolate desserts, were estimated using a detailed food composition table. Using Cox models with time-update exposures, we assessed associations between specific sources of cocoa, and hypertension risk. Self-reported cases were validated using a drug reimbursement database. 12,793 cases of hypertension were identified. Median cocoa consumption in the entire cohort was 2.3 g/day at baseline. Moderate but not high cocoa consumption from all sources was inversely associated with the risk of hypertension (hazard ratios HRQ1–Q3 0.93 [0.88:0.98], HRQ1–Q4 0.98 [0.93:1.03], p for trend < 0.01). Consumption of cocoa from plain chocolate was associated with reduced risk (HRT1–T2 0.89 [0.85:0.94] and HRT1–T3: 0.93 [0.89:0.97], p for trend < 0.01). Cocoa from dessert sources was associated with an increased risk of hypertension (HRT1–T3 1.09 [1.04:1.14], p for trend < 0.01). Moderate consumption of cocoa from plain chocolate could potentially reduce hypertension risk. Cocoa from sweet sources was associated with increased risk of hypertension. 相似文献
12.
Egonsson D 《Medicine, health care, and philosophy》2007,10(3):245-252
We often assume that hypothetical approval – either in the form of preferences or consent – under ideal conditions adds to
the legitimacy of an arrangement or act. I want to show that this assumption, reasonable as it may seem, will also give rise
to ethical problems. I focus on three problem areas: prudence, euthanasia and coercive psychiatric treatment. If we are to count as prudentially or morally␣relevant those preferences you would have if you were informed and rational,
we will run into difficulties in all these areas if your actual and rational preferences are at variance with each other.
In the prudential sphere we may question the personal value of satisfying preferences that a person does not actually have.
In this case our problem concerns the point of satisfying a rational preference in conflict with an actual one. In the cases
of euthanasia and coercive care it concerns instead whether it would be morally right to do such a thing. I doubt there is
a simple solution to our problem. In this paper at most I prepare the way for a solution or for wiser decisions in the hard
cases, by pointing out what they will have to deal with. 相似文献
13.
Hansen JS Wallace LS DeVoe JE 《Journal of immigrant and minority health / Center for Minority Public Health》2011,13(2):293-298
Nationally, Hispanics comprise nearly one-quarter of all non-elderly Medicaid recipients. We evaluated readability, layout
characteristics, and document complexity of state-issued Spanish-language Medicaid enrollment applications. We located and
analyzed Internet-based Spanish enrollment applications from 37 states and the District of Columbia. We calculated the readability
of each Medicaid enrollment application “Signature” page using the Spanish Lexile Analyzer. We assessed application layout
characteristics utilizing the User-Friendliness Tool, and we evaluated document complexity using the PMOSE/IKIRSCH scale.
The average Lexile score estimated an 11th–12th grade reading level (M = 1184, SD = 192) for “Signature” pages of enrollment applications. Most applications used small font size and lacked adequate
white space. Document complexity ranged from level 3 (moderate) to level 5 (very high); the majority of applications ranked
at level 4 (high). Spanish-language Medicaid enrollment applications should be revised to adhere to low-literacy guidelines,
which may improve the accessibility of Medicaid coverage for eligible Spanish-speaking families. 相似文献