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1.
西南地区不同性别、学历、年龄、工龄人群职业紧张比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的探讨不同性别、学历、年龄、工龄人群的职业紧张。方法采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R),测试4278例职工的职业紧张、紧张反应、应对资源。结果职业任务、紧张反应总均分及各子项得分(除工作环境、业务、心理紧张反应外):男性均高于女性,且差异有显著性(P<0·01)。自我保健子项:女性显著高于男性(P<0·01),同时在社会支持、人际关系和工作满意度方面女性也高于男性。在年龄方面,40岁~及≥50岁两个组,职业任务总均分及任务过重、任务冲突、责任感、任务不适四个子项得分均显著高,而应对资源子项中,≥50岁组,在社会支持子项得分最低(P<0·05)。在工龄方面,也表现出最长工龄组:≥30年组职业任务总均分及任务过重、任务冲突、责任感等子项得分均高,而应对资源子项中:20年~组在社会支持子项得分最低(P<0·05)。在文化程度方面,低学历组职业任务、紧张反应得分高,而应对资源得分却最低(P<0·05)。结论针对不同性别、年龄、工龄、学历群体的职业紧张源、紧张反应、应对资源,采取有效的干预措施,降低不同职工,特别是中、老年职工的职业紧张,提高职工的劳动能力及生活质量是职业卫生面临的重要任务之一。  相似文献   

2.
脑力劳动者职业紧张调查分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本研究运用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)对491名脑力劳动者(包括教师和其他行政管理及技术人员)进行了调查。结果发现按性别、职业、学历分组后组间均有显著性差异。①职业任务(ORQ)与紧张反应(PSQ)呈正相关,与个体应对资源(PRQ)呈负相关;②男性的职业任务(RO)和心理紧张反应(PSY)高于女性,而个体应对资源(PRQ)却低于女性;③教师组的职业任务(RO)和心理紧张反应(PSY)低于其它脑力劳动者,而个体应对资源(PRQ)却则高于其它脑力劳动者;④随着学历的增高,职业任务(RO)加重,紧张反应(PSQ)增强,同时表现出个体应对资源降低。提示可以通过有意识地提高个体应对资源达到缓解职业紧张的目的。  相似文献   

3.
医师与教师职业紧张水平及工作能力的比较   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
目的:比较医师与教师的职业紧张水平与工作能力。方法:应用职业紧张(修订版)(OSI-R)和工作能力指数(WAI)两份量表。对某市医师289例。中小学教师355例,共644例,进行对比研究。结果:医师的职任务和紧张反应均显著高于教师(P<0.01),医师组与教师组应对资源总分及WAI得分差异无显著性,职业任务1项中,医师组在任务不适,任务冲突和责任感3个子项得分较高,而教师组在任务过重和工作环境2个子项得分较高,紧张反应显示,医师在业务,心理,人际关系紧张反应3个子项得分均显著高于教师,应对资源中,医师的自我保健及社会支持2个子项较教师强,而理性处事1项较教师弱,职业任务与紧张反应呈正相关,二者均与应对资源呈负相关(P<0.01),工作能力与紧张水平,紧张反应及应对资源的相关性在教师组表现较明显(P<0.01),而医师组却尚未同显著意义(P>0.05),结论:医师职业任务和紧张反应高于教师,两组紧张因素各异,随着紧张程度增高,教师工作能力显著降低,应针对不同的紧张源,从不同角度着手缓解医师和教师的职业紧张,以提高工作能力。  相似文献   

4.
蚌埠地区中小学教师职业紧张状况调查   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的了解中小学教师职业紧张状况及其影响因素,为制订干预措施提供参考。方法采取分层抽样和整群抽样结合的方法,对蚌埠市3 047名中小学教师进行职业紧张状况调查,结果录入数据库并进行统计分析。结果男教师职业任务、个体紧张反应和个体应对资源得分均高于女教师。40~60岁年龄组教师职业任务得分高,50~60岁年龄组教师个体应对资源得分较其他组高,30~39岁年龄组教师个体紧张反应得分较高。高学历组教师个体紧张反应得分较高。已婚教师承担的职业任务多,未婚和已婚教师职业紧张反应较强。市区、普通高中教师个体紧张反应得分比其他组高,职业高中教师职业任务少,个体资源多,紧张反应低。结论职业紧张反应可以通过减少职业任务和提高应对资源的方法来预防或控制。  相似文献   

5.
目的了解铜陵市铸造技术工人职业紧张状况,分析其影响因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法抽取某国营企业和私营铸造企业员工进行问卷调查,采取自行设计的一般人口学问卷和职业紧张目录问卷(OSI-R)对985名员工进行问卷调查,并将铸造业工人(651人)的职业紧张情况与后勤和管理人员(对照组,255人)及西南地区技术工人常模进行比较分析。结果工人组职业任务问卷(ORQ)和紧张反应问卷PSQ得分分别为(153.73±23.48)和(89.26±21.09)分,高于对照组(144.21±23.15)和(83.69±16.74)分,低于技术工人常模。工人组应对资源问卷(PRQ)得分为(121.58±19.14)分,低于对照组(129.96±19.17)的得分,高于技术工人常模(P〈0.01)。工人组与对照组人员比较,职业任务重,紧张反应强,同时个体应对资源能力较弱,与技术常模比较职业任务、紧张反应有所改善。单因素分析表明,影响铸造工人职业任务和紧张反应的个体因素有性别、年龄、文化程度、家庭人均收入、有无疾病、是否发生过工伤、是否吸烟和饮酒、睡眠状况等;多元逐步回归分析表明,个体紧张反应主要影响因素为职业任务、工作环境、自我保健、学历、任务冲突以及社会支持、理处事和休闲娱乐。结论铸造工人有较高的职业紧张水平,同时应对能力较差,建议企业应从减轻职业任务、改善工作环境、加强健康教育,丰富职工业余文化生活方面入手,有效缓解工人职业紧张,提高应对能力。  相似文献   

6.
李珊  张拓红 《现代医院》2011,11(11):118-120
目的通过量表问卷调查的方法调查北京某三级甲等医院在职护士职业紧张度及影响因素。方法使用职业紧张量表修订版作为调查工具,对北京市某三级甲等医院全体1 090名在职护士进行调查,并使用统计软件包SPSS 15.0进行统计分析。结果护士职业任务总分(157.877±22.537)分,个体紧张反应总分为(99.926±23.110)分,个体应对资源总分为(119.585±18.237)分。引起护士职业紧张影响因素主要包括护患关系紧张、工作忙任务重、职业认可度低、薪酬不高、考试和晋升压力、作息时间不规律等。结论所调查医院护士职业紧张度处于较高水平,应采取有针对性措施进行干预,降低护士执业紧张水平,提高个人应对职业紧张的能力。  相似文献   

7.
不同个体特征职工职业紧张和工作能力变化的研究   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4  
目的 探讨不同个体特征职工发生职业紧张和工作能力的变化。方法 采用职业紧张量表 (OSI R)和工作能力指数法 (WAI)测试 2 2 70例职工的职业紧张、紧张反应、应对资源和工作能力变化。结果 不同性别 :职业紧张、紧张反应男性高于女性 ,而应对资源女性高于男性 (P <0 0 1) ;而工作能力无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。不同年龄 :≥ 5 0岁年龄段紧张程度较<30岁年龄段得分高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而应对资源低于其他年齿 (P <0 0 5 ) ;工作能力随年龄增高呈下降趋势 (P <0 0 5 ) ,4 0岁年龄段开始下降明显。不同文化程度 :职业紧张、紧张反应及工作能力总均分有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,大学及以上文化程度的主要紧张源是任务冲突及责任感 (P <0 0 5 )。不同婚姻状况 :职业紧张、应对资源及工作能力总均分有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,已婚、离异职业任务及躯体、心理紧张反应显著高于未婚 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而应对资源未婚者显著高于已婚、离异 (P <0 0 5 )。工作能力分级为好者 ,紧张反应显著低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而应对资源显著高 (P <0 0 5 )。工作能力与职业紧张、紧张反应呈明显负相关 (P <0 0 1) ,而与应对资源呈正相关 (P <0 0 1) ;职业紧张的主要影响因素有年龄、休闲、自我保健、社会支持、理性处事、  相似文献   

8.
目的比较中小学教师与同校后勤管理人员职业紧张强度、紧张反应和应对资源现状。方法应用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)对中小学教师830例、后勤管理人员154例,共984例,进行对比研究。结果①后勤管理人员中高压力人数比例明显高于教师组。②后勤管理人员在职业任务方面高于教师(P<0.01),而紧张反应、应对资源与教师组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。③职业任务子项中,学校后勤管理人员任务过重(RO)低于教师组;在任务不适、任务模糊(RA)、任务冲突(RB)、责任感(R)4个子项得分较高(P<0.05)。④紧张反应显示,后勤管理人员只在业务紧张反应方面高于教师组(P<0.05)。⑤应对资源子项:后勤管理人员在娱乐休闲和理性处事子项得分与教师组差异有显著性(P<0.05)。⑥职业任务与紧张反应呈正相关,二者均与个人应对资源呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论在学校特定环境内后勤管理人员的职业紧张程度高于教师组,是一个不容忽视的问题。  相似文献   

9.
教师职业紧张和工作能力相关分析   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
目的探索教师职业紧张与工作能力的相关性.方法利用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)和工作能力指数法(WAI),测试1692例中小学教师和578例非教育工作的脑力劳动者的职业紧张强度和工作能力变化,分析其相关性.结果教师的工作能力与职业紧张呈负相关(P<0.01),而与应对资源呈正相关(P<0.01);文化程度为大学及以上的教师,其工作能力、职业紧张和紧张反应均增强;教师组工作能力随年龄增高呈下降趋势(P<0.01),40岁年龄段就下降明显.结论增强教师的应对资源,保护和促进教师尤其是中年教师的工作能力是职业卫生领域面临的重要任务之一.  相似文献   

10.
[目的]了解海洋采油平台作业工人的职业紧张水平及职业紧张反应的特征,分析其职业紧张反应的影响因素。[方法]于2012年9月采取整群抽样的方法抽取海洋采油平台的所有在班工作的134名男性工人作为观察组,167名非海上平台作业的男性油田工人作为对照组。运用职业紧张量表修订版(OSI—R)进行调查。[结果]海洋采油平台作业人员的职业紧张及职业紧张反应得分均高于对照组,应对资源得分低于对照组,由自然环境引起的职业紧张评分均值(33.18)以及心理紧张反应评分均值(27.50)均高于参比人群。海洋采油平台作业工人职业紧张反应水平受职业紧张及应对资源的影响,职业紧张可增加职业紧张反应,应对资源可降低职业紧张反应。职业紧张中的角色界限不清、任务不足及自然环境,个人应对资源中的自我保健,个体特征中的学历是影响职业紧张反应水平的主要因素。[结论]海洋采油平台作业工人具有较高的职业紧张反应水平,应结合职业紧张反应水平的影响因素有针对性地对平台作业工人开展健康促进工作。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.  相似文献   

13.
Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.  相似文献   

14.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

15.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

16.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

17.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

20.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

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