初级卫生保健与世界卫生组织合作中心的关系

笔者有幸在今年4月参加了卫生部召开的“中国的世界卫生组织合作中心主任会议”,体会到初级卫生保健与世界卫生组织合作中心的关系极为密切。在会议的开幕式上,顾英奇副部长提出我国的54个世界卫生组织合作中心取得了较好的成绩。首先是初级卫生保健工作的不断深入发展,增强了大卫生观念和人民群众自我保健和参与卫生工作的意识。世界卫生组织提出的“2000年人人享有卫生保健”的全球战略目标,已被我国政府承诺。与世界卫生组织技术合作,引进了资金和技术,吸收了国外先进的科学技术和管理经验,培训了大量专业技术人才。在卫生情报信息资源     

世界卫生组织70周年:努力增进世界各地每一个人的健康

正2018年是世界卫生组织成立70周年。世界卫生组织对过去70年来所做的工作以及取得的卫生成就进行了总结。(1)制作国际参考材料。世界卫生组织从一开始就汇集了世界顶级卫生专家,以产生建议和国际参考材料。其范围包括目前在100个国家用作为报告疾病和确定健康趋势的通用标准的《国际疾病分类》到《世界卫生组织基本药物清单》,即对国家卫生     

世界卫生组织的管理体制机制及其影响

世界卫生组织是联合国系统内卫生问题的指导和协调机构,具有指导协调国际卫生工作、制定相关国际规则的职能,其行政体制、筹资机制和决策程序对其政策有着重要影响。世界卫生组织具有行政体制流程化、决策程序规范化、筹资机制严格透明等优点,但管理体制条块分割、大量资金来源于自愿捐款等不足也影响了组织政策的实施。本研究系统梳理和分析其体制机制中的特点和问题,对了解世界卫生组织政策、掌握政策规律、抓住关键环节有一定参考价值。     

北京世界卫生组织疾病分类合作中心举办“国际死亡原因医学证明”讲习班

为在我国推广使用国际疾病分类和死因分类,逐步实现卫生统计分类标准化,根据卫生部和世界卫生组织技术合作协议,由世界卫生组织邀请澳大利亚坎伯兰卫生科学院病案管理学校校长、国际病案组织联合会付主席瓦特森女士来华。在北京世界卫生组织     

坚持科学发展观做好"十一·五"规划--记卫生政策研究论坛:科学发展观与卫生战略研讨会

党的十六届三中全会提出了统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放的科学发展观,为今后我国社会经济发展指明了方向。为贯彻落实科学发展观,为制定卫生事业改革与发展的第十一个五年规划服务,国家卫生部、世界卫生组织、卫生政策与体制研究联盟于2004年5月20～21日在北京共同主办了卫生政策研究论坛:科学发展观与卫生战略研讨会。卫生部副部长黄洁夫出席会议并作了重要讲话;世界卫生组织驻华代表贝汉卫博士,世界卫生组织热带病研究与培训特别项目主管布拉斯先生,卫生政策与体制研究联…     

国际社会应对金融危机的卫生发展策略

随着全球金融危机的持续加剧,保证政府卫生支出的稳定或持续增长成为各国面临的一项重要挑战.文章在梳理国际社会应对金融危机的卫生发展策略框架的基础上,从政府卫生支出、政策工具和效果3个维度,系统地分析了国际社会面对金融危机的挑战,在卫生改革过程中所采取的相关政策与措施及其经验与教训,为我国卫生改革与发展提供了可借鉴与学习的相关经验.     

中国卫生政策支持项目第一期循证卫生政策培训班在京举办

2006年12月11-15日,由国家卫生部人才交流服务中心主办的中国卫生政策支持项目第一期循证卫生政策培训班在京举办。本次培训为中国卫生政策支持项目(HPSP)中培训领域2006年度工作计划之一。HPSP是由英国国际发展部资助,由中华人民共和国卫生部、英国国际发展部和世界卫生组织三方合作共同设计,旨在推动中国建立一个高效、公平     

基于WHO卫生人力战略目标的我国农村卫生人才建设障碍分析

农村卫生人才政策开发的前提是对农村卫生人才建设障碍的深入分析.文章基于世界卫生组织卫生人力战略目标建立理论框架,从城乡二元结构、卫生管理体制、卫生财政政策和医学教育政策4个维度对我国农村卫生人才建设所存在的障碍进行了深入分析.     

中国卫生政策支持项目利贫政策研究课题开始招标

为致力于建设一个高效、公平和高质量的卫生系统,卫生部、英国国际发展部和世界卫生组织3方合作共同设计了中国卫生政策支持项目(HPSP)。利贫政策研究领域是HPSP的重要组成部分,也是最为核心的领域,旨在通过建立高质量的卫生政策研究机制,支持中国循证的利贫卫生政策的制定。卫生部卫生经济研究所是HPSP利贫政策研究领域的科研管理机构。经过认真的前期准备和项目指导委员会的批准,卫生部卫生经济研究所定于2006年9月19日对第一年研究课题面向全社会进行公开招标,具体事宜详见卫生部卫生经济研究所网站(www.nhei.cn)。     

从化县初级卫生保健合作中心三年工作的发展

一、合作中心的组建过程。根据1979年12月我国卫生部与世界卫生组织协议,由联合国开发计划署援助我国的“发展卫生人力和研究”项目文件精神,在广东省广州市从化县、上海市嘉定县、山东省掖县建立三个“世界卫生组织初级卫生保健合作中心”。从化县初级卫生保健合作中心是中央卫生部、省,市、县各级领导重视和关怀下建立起来的.其任务是:①总结研究农村基层卫生工作的经验,提高基层卫生服务质量;     

Global governance,international health law and WHO: looking towards the future

The evolving domain of international health law encompasses increasingly diverse and complex concerns. Commentators agree that health development in the twenty-first century is likely to expand the use of conventional international law to create a framework for coordination and cooperation among states in an increasingly interdependent world. This article examines the forces and factors behind the emerging expansion of conventional international health law as an important tool for present and future multilateral cooperation. It considers challenges to effective international health cooperation posed for intergovernmental organizations and other actors involved in lawmaking. Although full consolidation of all aspects of future international health lawmaking under the auspices of a single international organization is unworkable and undesirable, the World Health Organization (WHO) should endeavour to serve as a coordinator, catalyst and, where appropriate, platform for future health law codification. Such leadership by WHO could enhance coordination, coherence and implementation of international health law policy.     

Armed violence: a health problem, a public health approach

At the World Health Assembly in 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared violence "a leading worldwide public health problem" and called for public health strategies to address it. The WHO's call to action, as well as an international political movement that is gaining strength, has helped galvanize health professionals in many countries to employ the tools of public health and their medical skills to better understand the causes of violence, to use research findings to influence policy, and to animate statistics with a human face. This paper reviews the scope of the problem, with a focus on armed violence with small arms and light weapons. It presents a history of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War's (IPPNW) involvement in this issue. A case example from IPPNW/Zambia demonstrates how health community involvement can raise awareness about armed violence and its risk factors, and influence policy changes.     

International aid policy: public disease control and private curative care?

Integrating disease control with health care delivery increases the prospects for successful disease control. This paper examines whether current international aid policy tends to allocate disease control and curative care to different sectors, preventing such integration. Typically, disease control has been conceptualized in vertical programs. This changed with the Alma Ata vision of comprehensive care, but was soon encouraged again by the Selective Primary Health Care concept. Documents are analyzed from the most influential actors in the field, e.g. World Health Organization, World Bank, and European Union. These agencies do indeed have a doctrine on international aid policy: to allocate disease control to the public sector and curative health care to the private sector, wherever possible. We examine whether there is evidence to support such a doctrine. Arguments justifying integration are discussed, as well as those that critically analyze the consequences of non-integration. Answers are sought to the crucial question of why important stakeholders continue to insist on separating disease control from curative care. We finally make a recommendation for all international actors to address health care and disease control together, from a systems perspective.     

国际卫生系统绩效评价框架的特点及启示

卫生系统绩效改进是各国卫生事业发展的优先事项。通过总结世界卫生组织、经济合作与发展组织、世界银行等国际组织,以及英国、美国、荷兰等典型国家的卫生系统绩效评价框架特点,为我国开展相关工作提供参考。卫生系统绩效评价框架的构建多参考投入产出模型和健康决定因素模型。卫生系统绩效评价框架呈现多元化、综合化发展趋势,且随着卫生发展阶段的不同而不断更新完善。各国卫生系统绩效评价框架有其自身特点,但也存在一定的规律性。卫生系统绩效评价框架应及时反映本国卫生发展的变化和国际理念的更新;完善数据信息系统,建立公开透明的卫生系统绩效评价动态监测机制;充分发挥卫生系统绩效评价的工具作用,有效推进卫生体系改革。     

我国烟草控制投入不足及对策

中国烟草危害严重,控烟投入与《烟草控制框架公约》要求存在差距,与实际需求不匹配,远低于其他国家和地区的控烟投入,低于我国其他公共卫生问题的防控投入,从而导致控烟能力不足,控烟成效不理想。建议健全国家烟草控制筹资机制、深入开展国际合作、加强科研、控烟队伍能力建设、支持戒烟门诊的建设。     

Assessing progress of the Pan American Health Organization's Policy Research for Health in member states

The improvement of health in the twenty-first century is inextricably linked to research for health. In response to growing international appeal to address regional health needs, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and its Member States approved the Policy on Research for Health (CD49/10) in 2009. This document represents the flagship regional policy on research for health and outlines how health systems and services in the region can be strengthened through research. It has been implemented by the two components of PAHO —the Member States and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau. The policy contained a specific directive mandating PAHO to report on its implementation, development of subsequent strategies, and action plans targeting its governing bodies. The Americas are the first World Health Organization (WHO) region to issue a regional Policy on Research for Health, which was harmonized with WHO's Strategy on Research for Health, approved in 2010. Attending to the recommendations issued by PAHO's Advisory Committee on Health Research and WHO's Advisory Committee on Health Research, the PAHO Department of Knowledge Management, Bioethics and Research set out to advance the assessment of the implementation of the Policy on Research for Health through the creation of a monitoring and evaluation Scorecard. Indicators relevant to the Policy on Research for Health objectives were mapped from the Compendium of Impact and Outcome Indicators, with new indicators created. A practical framework based on available indicator data was proposed to generate a baseline policy assessment and incorporate a means of incrementally enhancing the measurements. In this case study, we outline the iterations of the PAHO Policy on Research for Health Scorecard, as well as the lessons learned throughout the development process that may be a valuable guide for health research entities monitoring and evaluating the progress of their own policies.     

Health and social security reforms in Latin America: the convergence of the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and transnational corporations.

International financial institutions have played an increasing role in the formation of social policy in Latin American countries over the last two decades, particularly in health and pension programs. World Bank loans and their attached policy conditions have promoted several social security reforms within a neoliberal framework that privileges the role of the market in the provision of health and pensions. Moreover, by endorsing the privatization of health services in Latin America, the World Health Organization has converged with these policies. The privatization of social security has benefited international corporations that become partners with local business elites. Thus the World Health Organization, international financial institutions, and transnational corporations have converged in the neoliberal reforms of social security in Latin America. Overall, the process represents a mechanism of resource transfer from labor to capital and sheds light on one of the ways in which neoliberalism may affect the health of Latin American populations.     

International cooperation and preparedness in responding to accidental or deliberate biological disasters: lessons and future directions

Preparations for international cooperation in response to disease disasters at the regional or continental levels are poorly coordinated and cooperation is limited, although intergovernmental and international organisations have been advocating for years that emergency responses to infectious disease outbreaks should be planned for and prepared at the national level. National governments are responsible for contingency planning to protect the public; however, this responsibility needs to be broadened to encompass regional and international approaches. Little public domain information is available on international coordinated responses to the deliberate introduction of biological pathogens. Terrorist events in the early 21st Century have increased awareness of the risks, but solid commitment and internationally resourced initiatives are still lacking. The current avian influenza disaster has largely been addressed by the three global agencies: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO), using the underlying precepts that shape the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs). The GF-TADs offers a substantial base to improve regional epidemiological and environmental information, diagnostic networking, trend analysis and intervention against the important epidemic animal diseases. International prevention, preparedness and response require multidisciplinary teams working in an environment of intergovernmental cooperation that encompasses numerous ministries and agencies. This paper focuses on known international aspects of collaboration on emergency preparedness and addresses the FAO/OIE initiative to strengthen veterinary and public health systems involved in controlling and preventing serious health threats.     

Evolution of the cooperation between the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission

The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization recognises the international standards adopted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in matters of animal health and zoonoses and those adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (the Commission) in matters of food safety. The importance of the production phase in ensuring food safety has been acknowledged and the OIE and the Commission have been working to strengthen their cooperation since 2001, with the intent of promoting a holistic approach to the food chain. Procedures for exchanging information are in place, communication has improved and there is cross-referencing between the respective international standards of the two organisations. Good examples of collaboration in the development of standards include the texts produced by the two organisations regarding meat inspection and animal/product identification and traceability. At the same time, there is still room for improving cooperation and the legal services of the OIE, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization are expected to work together to find options for closer collaboration between the OIE and the Commission.     

Healthy Cities projects

This is a review article on "Healthy Cities". The Healthy Cities programme has been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to tackle urban health and environmental issues in a broad way. It is a kind of comprehensive policy package to carry out individual projects and activities effectively and efficiently. Its key aspects include healthy public policy, vision sharing, high political commitment, establishment of structural organization, strategic health planning, intersectoral collaboration, community participation, setting approach, development of supportive environment for health, formation of city health profile, national and international networking, participatory research, periodic monitoring and evaluation, and mechanisms for sustainability of projects. The present paper covered the Healthy Cities concept and approaches, rapid urbanization in the world, developments of WHO Healthy Cities, Healthy Cities developments in the Western Pacific Region, the health promotion viewpoint, and roles of research.