济宁市婴儿麻疹的流行特征及影响因素研究

目的 了解消除麻疹阶段济宁市婴儿麻疹发病的流行特征,分析其影响因素,为控制婴儿麻疹发病提供依据.方法 利用血清流行病学方法,检测母亲及不同月龄婴儿麻疹抗体水平；采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,探索影响婴儿麻疹发病的危险因素.结果 婴儿麻疹占全市麻疹发病总数的构成比为33.63％,呈逐年增高的趋势；从4月龄～开始发病明显增多,主要分布在6～8月龄,占发病总数的50.46％；≥8月龄婴儿病例无麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫史的占69.12％.0～8月龄婴儿麻疹抗体阳性率随着月龄的增长呈趋势性下降,6月龄和8月龄抗体阳性率分别只有17.02％和6.38％,抗体GMT分别为1∶3.72和1∶1.53.医疗机构暴露、流动人口儿童是影响婴儿麻疹发病的危险因素,适龄婴儿及时接种MV是保护因素.结论 婴儿麻疹胎传抗体消失过早、MV接种不及时和社会环境中的高危因素是婴儿麻疹发病的主要原因.降低婴儿麻疹发病,应采取保持高水平的首针MV接种及时率及接种率、减少婴儿暴露机会、给育龄期妇女接种MV等综合性措施.     

6月龄婴儿麻疹疫苗免疫效果及人体反应观察

疫苗时代育龄期妇女体内麻疹抗体多为麻疹疫苗所介导,所生婴儿母传抗体消失提前,未及初免月龄已成为易感者。针对北京市及其它一些大城市＜8月龄婴儿麻疹发病越来越突出的情况,为控制该人群发病,选取北京市户籍的6月龄婴儿119人进行麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）免疫效果及人体反应观察。结果显示6月龄婴儿中有84％母传抗体已阴转,阳性者抗体水平也极低。接种MV后抗体阳性率达到86.6％,免疫成功率为80.7％,几何平均滴度（GMT）为1∶528.45;接种后的发热率、皮疹率分别为16.8％、2.52％。提示实施6月龄的MV初免程序是可行的。与本市8月龄婴儿初免监测数据相比,6月龄婴儿的MV免疫成功率和GMT偏低,提示婴儿母传抗体的存在对MV的免疫成功率有一定的干扰作用外,与年龄相关的因素如低月龄婴儿免疫系统的发育程度可能是影响免疫效果的更为主要的因素。建议对6月龄和8月龄婴儿MV初免的成本效果进行研究,如果采取6月龄初免,应考虑在满1岁时复种1剂MV;加快研制免疫原性好并适用于低月龄婴儿的新型MV;对与年龄有关的因素作更深入的探索。     

合肥市55例小于1岁麻疹病例分析

目的　为了解和掌握我市小于 1岁年龄组麻疹发病原因 ,制定防制策略 ,加速我市控制麻疹的步伐 ,对 5 5例小于 1岁的麻疹病例进行分析。方法　通过全市麻疹监测和疫情报告两个系统上报的疑似麻疹病例 ,采集静脉血测麻疹IgM抗体 ,择其抗体阳性的麻疹确诊病例 5 5例进行详细调查 ,填写统一设计好的调查表 ,最后对调查表内容进行分析。结果　 5 5例中 ,小于 8月龄 2 6例 (47.3%) ,大于 8月龄 2 9例 (5 2 .7%) ;大于 8月龄 (麻疹免初月龄 )有麻疹疫苗 (MV)接种史的仅占 2 7.6 %,其中城市病例中 ,接种MV者占5 0 %,农村病例占 11.1%。结论　未到MV初免月龄的婴儿发病比例较多 ;农村MV接种及时率低是造成小于 1岁儿童麻疹发病多的主要原因。     

广州市某区95例1岁以下疑似麻疹病例分析

目的了解〈1岁疑似麻疹病例不断增多的原因,为制定防制策略提供依据。方法用描述流行病学分析国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统中的广州市某区〈1岁疑似麻疹病例。结果95例病例中,失访9例;86例成功调查病例中,62例麻疹抗体阳性,24例抗体阴性。阳性病例中,〈8月龄29例（46．8％）,而≥8月龄（麻疹初免月龄）的33例病例中有麻疹疫苗（MV）接种史的占33．3％,其中本地病例接种率为72．7％,外地病例为13．6％。病例调查前确诊率（83．7％）高于调查后确诊率（67．4％）。结论诊断准确性较低、外地儿童增多且其MV及时接种率低、存在免疫失败、母传抗体低使未到MV初免月龄的婴儿发病增多等是导致该区〈1岁疑似麻疹病例不断增多的原因。     

婴儿麻疹胎传抗体及初次接种麻疹疫苗免疫效果的观察

本文对278名5-8月龄儿童麻疹胎传抗体及其麻疹疫苗的免疫应答情况进行了研究。同时对120对新生儿及母亲、282名18-38岁育龄期妇女，观察其麻疹抗体消退情况进行了观察。结果表明：新生儿脐血与其母亲和18。36岁育龄妇女的抗体水平相一致；5-8月龄儿童麻疹胎传抗体阳性率在14．86％-55．71％之间，且7-8月龄阳性率显著低于5。6月龄（x^2=11．69，P〈0．01）；新生儿阳性率及GMT远高于5—8月龄婴儿，不同月龄的婴儿，阳性率及GMT随着月龄的增大，出现下降的趋势；而278名5—8月龄婴儿初免麻疹疫苗后，其免疫成功率为84．89％，GMT平均为1：1154．8，6-8月龄免疫成功率显著高于5月龄的婴儿（x^2=8．55、14、64、25．73，P〈0．01），尤其以8月龄婴儿免疫应答为好。另外，初免麻疹疫苗前IgG抗体滴度对免疫应答结果有明显的影响：180名IgG抗体≤1：200的婴儿，其免疫成功率为86，11％，19名IgG抗体滴度为≥1：800的婴儿，有10名免疫成功。综合以上结果，我们认为预防我市出现麻疹发病向低年龄组转化的趋势，在同时考虑麻疹疫苗免疫成功率及胎传麻疹抗体对麻疹疫苗免疫应答的影响的情况下，我们可以选择两种干预措施，第一种是麻疹疫苗的初免月龄还是定为8月龄为宜，从联合免疫等方面考虑也比较科学合理，对申请结婚的育龄期妇女中接种一针麻疹疫苗，将会有效提高母传麻疹抗体的水平，进而降低婴儿麻疹的发病率，这与国内有关文献报道结论一致。第二种是建议在麻疹流行期内，应急接种可从6月龄开始，从而可为更多的婴儿提供保护性抗体。     

麻疹母传抗体水平及6～8月龄接种麻疹疫苗的免疫效果监测

[目的]了解8月龄以下婴儿麻疹母传抗体水平及6～8月龄婴儿接种麻疹疫苗的免疫效果和安全性,探讨控制小月龄婴儿麻疹的免疫策略。[方法]在南昌市的12个县(区)随机抽取0～8月龄婴儿各70余名,监测麻疹母传抗体;对6～8月婴儿初免麻疹疫苗后免疫效果及安全性观察,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测免前和免后1个月的麻疹IgG抗体滴度。[结果]8月龄以下婴儿母传抗体几何平均滴度为1︰209,各月龄组抗体几何平均滴度均未达保护水平;6月龄、7月龄、8月龄初免后GMT分别为1︰1407、1︰1897、1︰2410,初免前后GMT差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),初免后3组的阳性率均≥90%,免疫成功率﹥85%,接种MV未出现异常反应,提示6月龄的MV初免程序是可行的;但6、7、8月龄3组间免疫成功率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),免前母传抗体阴性和阳性的免疫成功率差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),提示婴儿母传抗体的存在对MV的免疫成功率有干扰作用。[结论]婴儿麻疹母传抗体滴度均较低,无有效保护作用;6足月后接种麻疹疫苗安全有效。建议进行育龄妇女孕前接种MV和提前婴儿MV初免时间的成本效益研究,制定安全有效的免疫策略,减少小月龄婴儿麻疹发病率。     

小月龄婴儿麻疹母传抗体消长研究

目的 对母婴麻疹抗体水平及其关系,婴儿胎传抗体衰减进行分析,探讨小月龄婴儿麻疹减毒活疫苗(Mea-sles Vaccines,Live;MV)的免疫策略.方法 在浙江省宁波市、山东省济南市、黑龙江省哈尔滨市选取0、3、6、8、9月龄未患过麻疹的本地常住婴儿及母亲作为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG抗体.结果 婴儿出生时麻疹抗体阳性率为89.3%,几何平均滴度(Geometric Mean Titer,GMT)为1:738.93,到3月龄时抗体阳性率下降至22.3%,GMT为1:36.63,6、8月龄时抗体阳性率只有6.9%、6.7%,GMT分别为1:6.89、1:3.69;母亲的抗体阳性率为84.3%,GMT为1:516.94;母婴麻疹抗体的相关系数为0.840.结论 降低小月龄麻疹发病,必要时对6月龄婴儿实行MV初免以提高保护率,同时提高育龄期妇女麻疹抗体水平.     

母婴配对及不同月龄婴儿麻疹减毒活疫苗免疫后抗体水平分析

目的为研究母婴麻疹抗体水平的关系及6月龄和8月龄儿童接种麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)的血清学免疫效果。方法开展母婴配对及不同月龄婴儿MV免疫后麻疹抗体水平研究。2003~2005年在徐州市和盐城市,采集到174对母亲、出生婴儿和3月龄婴儿的配对齐全者血清,及97名6月龄、62名8月龄婴儿的免疫前、后的血清,用微量血凝抑制(HI)试验检测麻疹HI抗体。结果①母亲与出生婴儿、出生婴儿与3月龄婴儿、3月龄婴儿与6月龄婴儿抗体滴度之间均有相关性,随着母亲抗体水平变化,婴儿抗体水平相应变化。②婴儿母传麻疹抗体随着月龄增加而下降,到6月龄时大部分婴儿抗体已降到低滴度,达不到保护抗体水平;8月龄时抗体水平基本消失。③97名6月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹抗体阳性率为11.34%,免疫后为97.94%;HI抗体总几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶24.22。62名8月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹抗体阳性率为1.61%,免疫后为100.00%;HI抗体总GMT为1∶54.12。两组婴儿免疫前HI抗体总GMT差异无显著的统计学意义(t=0.521,P>0.05);免疫后1个月的抗体GMT差异有非常显著的统计学意义(t=8.348,P<0.001)。结论婴儿在8月龄时的免疫效果要明显好于6月龄,但在必要时对6月龄婴儿实行初免以提高保护率,同时开展6月龄和8月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹中和抗体水平的研究,以探讨最佳初免月龄。     

8月龄婴儿接种不同剂量麻疹减毒活疫苗血清抗体应答分析

目的分析8月龄婴儿接种0.2ml和0.5ml麻疹减毒活疫苗（Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine,MV）后,血清抗体应答情况,以及母传抗体与抗体应答的关系。方法随机选择196名健康8月龄婴儿及其母亲为研究对象,在接种MV前、后采用酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测血清麻疹抗体。结果101名婴儿接种0.2mlMV,95名婴儿接种0.5mlMV,然后与接种前相比较,接种前抗体阴性者,接种后抗体阳转率0.2ml组为88.24%,0.5ml组为97.3%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.656,P=0.031）;接种前抗体阳性者,接种后抗体≥4倍增长率0.2ml组为56.25%,0.5ml组为57.14%,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.003,P=0.957）。所有检测婴儿,接种前麻疹抗体阴性率已达81.12%（159/196）,而母亲抗体阴性率仅为7.65%（15/196）。结论母传抗体对8月龄婴儿初免MV免疫成功率的影响较小,接种0.5ml MV能明显提高接种前抗体阴性婴儿的阳转率,但对于接种前抗体阳性的婴儿,接种后麻疹抗体阳性率并不随接种剂量的增加而提高。     

育龄妇女麻疹抗体水平及免疫效果分析

目的:了解南昌市育龄妇女麻疹抗体水平,探讨育龄妇女接种麻疹疫苗的可行性,为完善麻疹免疫策略及控制麻疹疫情提供依据。方法:在南昌市的12个县(区)随机抽取健康育龄妇女,观察育龄妇女强化接种麻疹疫苗(MV)前后的麻疹IgG抗体,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果:南昌市育龄期妇女麻疹抗体血清几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶482.64,抗体阳性率为80.79%,有随年龄增长呈下降的趋势;流动育龄期妇女麻疹抗体GMT和抗体阳性率均高于常住育龄期妇女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);有免疫史与无免疫史两组麻疹抗体GMT和抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000),有免疫史者高于无免疫史者;育龄期妇女强化接种MV后麻疹抗体GMT为1∶1 616.47,抗体阳性率为98.52%,均显著高于接种前,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论:建议对育龄妇女婚前接种含麻疹成分的疫苗,提高育龄期妇女麻疹抗体水平,降低育龄妇女和MV初始免疫月龄前婴儿麻疹发病率。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.