固相微萃取气相色谱法测定鱼胆中的五氯酚

[目的]研究运用自动固相微萃取（SPME）超声波辅助的萃取技术与气相色谱联用方法测定鱼胆汁中的五氯酚含量。[方法]优化鱼胆中五氯酚的顶空浓缩和微萃取技术,然后使用HP-5、DB-17毛细管气相色谱法分离,电子捕获检测器定量测定。[结果]该方法线性范围为0．08-100．00μg,L,相关系数r=0．9997,检出限为0．053μg／L,加标回收率为81．5％-92．6％,相对标准偏差为3．6％～6．3％。[结论]固相微萃取气相色谱法简便、快速、灵敏,且无溶剂污染,是测定鱼胆中五氯酚含量的理想方法。     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱法测定水中2,4,6-三氯酚的研究

研究使用顶空固相微萃取（SPME）技术与气相色谱法联用测定水中2，4，6－三氯酚。水中2，4，6－三氯酚使用条件优化的SPME技术进行顶空浓缩和微萃取，然后使用毛细气相色谱法分离，电子捕获检测器定量测定。最低检出浓度为0．05μg/L；含2，4，6－三氯酚0．4μg/L－100μg/L范围内，r＝0．9996；对自来水加标2，4，6－三氯酚5μg/L、30μg/L、50μg/L回收率分别为111．3％、92．6％和98．6％，相对标准偏差分别为2．45％、8．96％和2．11％（n＝6）。方法简便、快速、灵敏、稳定，且无溶剂污染，是测定水中2，4，6－三氯酚理想的方法。     

水中五氯酚残留的快速连续测定法

目的建立连续、快速、灵敏的测定水中五氯酚残留的方法。方法采用全自动顶空固相微萃取技术对样品进行预处理,优化萃取和气相色谱条件,并对实际样品进行检测。结果建立了全自动顶空固相微萃取气相色谱法测定水中五氯酚残留的方法,方法线性范围0.053～106μg/L,r=0.999 9,最低检出限为0.008 2μg/L,加标回收率在92.1%～106.7%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.3%。结论该法简便快速,灵敏度高,准确度好,适用于水中五氯酚残留的连续测定。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定环境中挥发性有机物

目的：建立顶容固相微萃取－气相色谱法同时测定环境样品中苯系物，氯代甲烷类等挥发性有机物的方法。方法：采用未涂任何固定液的光纤作为萃取头，自行制作的固相微萃取SPME装置，通过顶空固相微萃取气相色谱法（HS－SPME－GC）测定氯代甲烷和苯系物，并对测定的萃取条件和色谱条件进行了优化，结果：方法的线性范围为二氯甲烷0．14－75．7μg/L,三氯甲烷0．24－84．5μg/L，四氯化碳0．45－137．1μg/L，苯0．03－12．6μg/L，甲苯0．10－24．8μg/L ，乙苯0．06－24．7μg/L，二甲苯0．13－24．8μg/L，相关系数为0．9914－0．9979，检出限为二氯甲烷0．14μg/L,三氯甲烷0．24μg/L ，四氯化碳0．45，苯0．03，甲苯0．10μg/L，乙苯0．06μg/L，二甲苯0．13μg/L，样品加标回收率为80．0％－111．6％，相对标准偏差为4．4％－8．1％，结论：该法简便，快速，灵敏度高，重现性好，分析成本低。     

气相色谱法测定饮用水中挥发性卤代烃的不确定度评定

目的建立自动顶空毛细柱气相色谱法测定饮用水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷等挥发性卤代烃的不确定度评定方法,以评定测量结果的质量。方法根据GB／T5750．8—2006（（生活饮用水标准检验方法》建立数学模型,逐一分析量化测量过程中的不确定度分量,计算合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果三氯甲烷含量为5．88μg／L时,U=0．42μg/WL,k=2;四氯化碳含量为1．98μg/L时,U=0．18μg/E,％=2;二氯一溴甲烷含量为12．60μg/L时,U=0．72μg/WE,k=2;一氯二溴甲烷含量为6．00μg/WL时,U：0．36μg/L,k=2;三溴甲烷含量为5．55μg／L时,U=0．38μg/WE,％=2。结论曲线拟合和标准溶液带来的不确定度是测量结果不确定度的主要来源,此方法适用于饮用水中挥发性卤代烃的不确定度评定。     

饮用水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的顶空气相色谱测定法

目的建立测定饮用水中了氯甲烷和四氯化碳含量的顶空毛细管柱气相色谱法，同时考察不同来源饮用水中氯仿和四氯化碳的分布状况、方法采用顶空自动进样技术，用特异性DB-624毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水中三氯甲烷和四氧化碳。结果标准曲线的相关系数为〉0.999，相对标准偏差为1.5％-8.3％，三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的平均回收率为97.5％-103.3％；三氯甲烷的线性范围为2.0-10.0μg／L，检出限为0.02μg／L；四氯化碳线性范同为1.0-5.0μg／L，检出限为0.003μg／L。结论该方法简便、快速，具有较好的精密度与准确度，可用于水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的测定。     

水中三氯甲烷及四氯化碳的顶空毛细柱气相色谱测定法

目的：提高测定生活饮用水中微量三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的方法的灵敏度和分离度。方法：采用顶空毛细柱气相色谱法取代传统的顶空填充柱法测定生活饮用水中微量的三氯甲烷和四氯化碳。结果：三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的最小检出限分别为0．10μg／L和0．010μg／L，准确度和精密度均符合检验的要求。结论：顶空毛细柱气相色谱法测定水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳，操作简单快捷，且灵敏度和分离度高于传统的顶空填充柱法。     

气相色谱法测定饮用水及水源水中七氯

目的：采用大口径毛细柱气相色谱法测定饮用水及水源水中的七氯。方法：样品以二氯甲烷萃取后于KD浓缩器中浓缩，用正己烷定容。用GC—ECD检测七氯的含量。结果：本法线性范围为0．02-1．00mg／L，最低检出浓度为0.007μg／L，加标回收率为83.4％～97.0％，相对标准偏差为2．1％～5．8％。结论：本法操作简单，灵敏度高，线性范围宽，不失为一种较好的测定方法。     

顶空—气相色谱法与吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中3种五氯丙烷

目的建立生活饮用水中3种五氯丙烷的顶空—气相色谱法和吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用法。方法顶空—气相色谱法采用高纯氮气为载气,70℃振荡平衡15 min,采用电子捕获检测器,外标法定量;吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用法采用高纯氦气为载气,室温下吹扫,采用选择离子监测模式,内标法定量;并对两种方法的检出限、精密度以及准确度进行评价。结果顶空—气相色谱法和吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用法均能完全分离3种五氯丙烷,两种方法都有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999。顶空—气相色谱法的检出限为(0.005～0.03)μg/L;回收率为86.4%～118%;精密度为1.9%～6.5%。吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用法的检出限为(0.004～0.008)μg/L;回收率为80.5%～112%;精密度为0.9%～5.6%。结论两种方法均能较好的对饮用水中的五氯丙烷进行定性和定量分析,对实际样品的测定结果无显著性差异,适用于饮用水中五氯丙烷的分析测定.     

顶空固相微萃取气相色谱法测定饮水中氯酚

目的建立顶空固相微萃取(HSSPME)气相色谱法测定水中氯酚(CPs)的方法。方法采用SPME前处理技术,用毛细色谱柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测。结果2氯酚(MCP),2,4二氯酚(DCP),2,4,6三氯酚(TCP),五氯酚(PCP)的最低检出浓度分别为60.0、2.64、0.15和0.84μgL;标准曲线的相关系数分别为0.999、0.997、0.997、0.995;样品低、中、高三种浓度的加标后回收率分别为95.3%～107%、93.6%～102%、92.4%～102%、91.5%～99.1%;相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为1.0%～8.1%、1.6%～6.6%、2.9%～8.6%、2.0%～8.2%。结论该法简便、灵敏,不使用有机溶剂,是测定氯酚类化合物的理想方法。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.