胃肠道疾病患者术后早期低热低氮肠外营养临床疗效分析

目的观察胃肠道疾病患者术后早期低热低氮肠外营养（PN）的临床疗效。方法将80例胃肠道疾病术后患者随机分为普通肠外营养组和低热低氮肠外营养组,各40例。检测两组患者术前、术后第3、7天血清白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PA）、预后营养指数（PNI）、体液及细胞免疫功能指标,记录相关PN支持结果,进行比较分析。结果普通组和低热低氮组在手术后第3天ALB、PA水平及PNI均显著低于术前（p〈0.05）,跟普通组比较,低热低氮组的ALB、PA及PNI升高较快,在术后第7天,其ALB、PA水平、PNI均显著高于普通组（p〈0.05）;低热低氮组的CD3＋、IgG以及普通组的CD3＋、CD4＋、IgG在术后3天显著低于术前,差异有统计学意义（p〈0.05）,术后第7天,低热低氮组IgA、IgG显著高于普通组（p〈0.05）;较普通PN支持,低热氮PN支持能减少胰岛素总用量、减低感染相关并发症和缩短住院时间。结论相对于普通PN,胃肠道疾病患者术后早期低热低氮PN能较快恢复ALB、PA、PNI和免疫功能指标,并能缩短住院时间,其疗效显著,值得推广。     

Gln强化的肠外营养在大肠癌并急性肠梗阻吻合术后的应用

目的研究丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺双肽(Ala-Gln)增强的肠外营养(PN)在大肠癌并急性肠梗阻一期切除吻合术后的应用价值。方法大肠癌并急性肠梗阻一期切除吻合术患者22例,术后随机分2组,所有患者都接受等氮犤0.20g/(kg·d)犦等热量犤126kJ/(kg·d)犦的肠外营养支持6d,入选研究组的病例都得到患者的知情同意。研究组(n=11)全营养液中添加丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺双肽(Ala-Gln),对照组以常规全合一营养液进行支持。监测术后累计氮平衡、血浆白蛋白、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA变化及并发症的发生情况。结果全组血浆白蛋白浓度术后第2天(POD2)与手术前(POD0)比较,均明显下降(P=0.03),至术后第7天(POD7)均有回升,研究组犤(38.32±4.12)g/L犦较对照组犤(34.72±3.13)g/L犦升高明显(P=0.007),POD7研究组免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA亦有明显升高(与术前比较P=0.008,与对照组比较P=0.04);研究组术后7d累计氮平衡明显高于对照组(P=0.006)。对照组术后有伤口感染2例,吻合口瘘1例;研究组无伤口感染及吻合口瘘发生。结论添加丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺双肽(Ala-Gln)的营养液对大肠癌并急性肠梗阻一期切除吻合术后的患者比常规全合一营养液更能提供有效的营养支持,促进伤口愈合,提高机体免疫力,减少并发症的发生。     

重症SARS患者的临床营养支持及血糖水平和胰岛素用量与结局的关系

目的观察重症SARS患者接受临床营养支持前后部分与营养有关指标的变化,并分析血糖水平/胰岛素用量与结局的关系。方法以我所英东重症医学监护中心收治的21例临床诊断重症SARS患者为研究对象,转入ICU后均给予呼吸支持及临床营养支持。经肠内营养接受的热量约4184kJ/d(1000kcal/d),蛋白质约38g/d;经肠外营养接受的热量约3347.2kJ/d(800kcal/d)。监测给予患者肠内、肠外营养支持前后的血糖、血清白蛋白、血淋巴细胞总数及谷丙转氨酶等指标的变化。所有患者均接受甲基强的松龙约200mg/d。为将血糖保持在4.44～7.78mmol/L(80～140mg/dl)的较低水平,应用静脉泵入胰岛素,记录血糖及胰岛素用量,再分析其与结局的关系。结果在发病(11.0±2.8)d后转入ICU的21例患者中,16例(76.2%)伴有营养不良。经过平均12d肠内与肠外营养支持后,患者血清白蛋白显著升高犤(28.5±2.2)g/Lvs(37.0±4.1)g/L犦(P=0.0001);血淋巴细胞总数升高犤(0.74±0.47)×109/Lvs(1.22±0.73)×109/L犦(P=0.02);血谷丙转氨酶升高的病例有所下降,但差异不显著(81.0%vs57.1%,P=0.18);生存组血糖降至较低水平犤(9.5±2.3)mmol/Lvs(6.3±1.8)mmol/L犦(P=0.0002);死亡组血糖也有下降犤(13.0±3.3)mmol/Lvs(9.5±1.3)mmol/L犦(P=0.04);生存组血糖水平低于     

老年胃癌全切术后肠内营养与肠外营养的对比研究

目的 比较老年胃癌全胃切除术后早期肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的效果.方法 51例老年胃癌全胃切除手术患者术后随机分为PN组(n=25)和EN组(n=26).在营养支持前后检测氮平衡和营养指标,并观察两组患者住院时间和费用、肠道功能指标以及并发症发生情况.结果 两组患者营养支持后,血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白以及氮平衡4项指标升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者术后肛门排气时间、第一次排便时间、住院天数和日平均费用差异均有统计学意义,EN组显著低于PN组.两组患者术后无死亡或吻合口瘘等严重并发症.结论EN能更好的改善患者术后营养状况和肠道功能,并且花费较低,优于PN.     

低氮低热量肠外营养与传统氮热量肠外营养对术后患者血糖、感染相关并发症、住院时间、费用等影响的比较(100例随机、对照、多中心临床研究)

目的评价经外周静脉给予低氮低热量肠外营养与传统的氮热量肠外营养支持对手术后患者血糖、感染相关并发症、费用等影响。方法采用前瞻、随机、对照、多中心临床研究。符合入选标准的消化道术后患者100例,随机分为对照组(n=50)和研究组(n=50),对照组按常规氮/热量摄入,研究组采用低氮(0.1g·kg-1·d-1)、低热量18～20kcal·kg-1·d-1摄入。术后连续5d经外周静脉提供肠外营养支持。比较两组血糖、肝肾功能指标、与感染有关并发症、住院时间、费用等差异。结果对照组术后1、3、6d血糖水平均高于研究组(P=0.02);术后住院日也较研究组为长(P=0.006);静脉炎发生率、营养药相关费用、营养液配制费用、营养液配制时间等均显著高于研究组(P=0.0001)。两组患者的BMI及肝肾功能的变化,差异均无显著性。结论术后5d经外周静脉应用低氮低热量营养支持,比传统的氮热量肠外营养支持的血糖水平低;与营养有关药物的费用、术后住院日、静脉炎发生率、营养液配制时间均明显降低。     

不同途径补充谷氨酰胺对大鼠肠粘膜和通透性的影响

目的比较大鼠手术化疗时,普通肠外、肠内营养与补充谷氨酰胺的肠外、肠内营养对肠道功能的影响.方法雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为6组(n=10)Chow 1组,普通饲料加中心静脉插管;PN组,普通肠外营养;PN+G组,肠外营养加谷氨酰胺;Chow 2组,普通饲料加胃造瘘;EN组,普通肠内营养;EN+G组,肠内营养加谷氨酰胺.Chow组给普通饲料,肠外和肠内营养组所给营养液均为等氮2.5 g N@kg-1@d-1、等热卡1 046 kJ@kg-1@d-1(250 kcal@kg-1@d-1),氮热卡比值1100.4组营养支持大鼠在术后第4天,按75 mg@kg-1体重腹腔注射5-Fu.结果(1)体重术后第8天时,以PN组下降最显著(-14.8±7.6)g(P＜0.05);EN组其次(-6.6±2.2)g(P＜0.05);PN+G组略有下降(-1.1±0.2)g,但无统计学差异;EN+G组体重则有所增加(2.7±4.2)g.(2)谷氨酰胺浓度与Chow组比较,PN组和EN组血浆和肌肉的谷氨酰胺浓度显著下降,而PN+G组和EN+G组谷氨酰胺浓度增高.(3)细菌移位PN组和EN组细菌移位阳性率分别为80%和70%(P＜0.05);PN+G组、EN+G组和Chow组分别为30%、30%和20%,3组间比较无显著差异.(4)肠道粘膜通透性与手术后化疗前比较,PN组和EN组的通透性增加(P＜0.05),而PN+G组和EN+G组的通透性变化不大,与Chow组比较无显著性差异.(5)肠粘膜形态术后第8天时,PN组和EN组空肠和结肠粘膜厚度和绒毛高度显著低于Chow组(P＜0.01),PN+G组和EN+G组与Chow组相似,EN+G组的绒毛高度和粘膜厚度优于PN+G组.结论补充谷氨酰胺的肠外、肠内营养与普通肠外、肠内营养比较,可减少肠道通透性增高和细菌移位、减少肠粘膜损伤,并能增加血浆、肌肉和小肠谷氨酰胺水平,肠内营养补充谷氨酰胺对肠道功能的影响优于肠外营养补充谷氨酰胺.     

肠外营养与生长激素联合应用对外科大手术术后患者蛋白代谢的影响

目的观察肠外营养与生长激素联合应用对大手术术后患者蛋白代谢的影响。方法将拟实施外科大手术(四类以上手术)熏APACHE-Ⅱ评分>7分的患者30例,入院后随机分为3组熏A组穴n=10雪押肠外营养治疗与生长激素穴金磊赛增雪联合治疗组(PN+GH)鸦B组穴n=10雪押肠外营养治疗组(PN)鸦C组穴n=10雪押正常补液组。其中A组在术后第2天开始给予生长激素皮下肌注,连续7d。结果术后8d内,B、C组患者均处于负氮平衡状态,血清白蛋白与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)维持较低水平,A组在术后5d机体开始恢复氮平衡,血清白蛋白与IGF-Ⅰ水平逐渐上升,A组与B、C组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论较大的外科手术打击后,单纯给予常规的肠外营养要素不能被机体有效的利用,GH能够提高机体对肠外营养要素的利用率,促进机体蛋白合成。     

早期低热卡与高热卡营养治疗高脂血症性重症急性胰腺炎的临床疗效比较

目的:探讨高脂血症性胰腺炎(HLAP)早期高热卡与低热卡肠内营养对其并发症及预后的比较,来评估不同热卡的肠内营养的疗效。方法:将我科收治的高HLAP病人,随机分入早期低热卡与高热卡营养治疗组,分别在早期(48 h)内分别给予高热卡和低热卡的肠内营养支持治疗,记录两组病人血脂、炎症指标变化水平、肠内营养不耐受发生率及住院时间、ICU时间、器官功能发生率、死亡率、胰腺坏死组织发生率等。结果:我科2014年1月至2017年6月共收治HLAP病人48例。在EN开始的前两天内,LC的病人血脂呈逐步降低趋势,两组血脂水平在EN开始后第三天分别为2.3(1.7-3.4)mmol/L vs 5.2(2.9-6.1)mmol/L,P=0.05。LC组的ICU天数明显小于HC组,MODS发生率、死亡率两组之间无明显差异。IPN发生率LC稍高,但无统计学意义。结论:对于HTG-AP病人,低热卡-高蛋白营养方式可使病人因正氮平衡而增加瘦体重,同时因热卡不足而消耗体脂肪;利于病人病情的恢复,是一种有效的营养支持方案。     

肠外营养支持的外科手术病人低磷血症发生率及危险因素分析

目的:了解接受肠外营养(PN)支持的外科手术病人低磷血症发生率及危险因素,并探讨其对PN支持的时间和机械通气的影响。方法:回顾性分析404例接受PN支持的所有外科住院手术病人。采集病人一般情况、接受PN前血生化指标(肝肾功能、血糖、血脂、血钙、血磷、血镁)和PN持续时间。营养不良依据BMI和血清清蛋白水平进行判定。血磷水平0.96 mmol/L为低磷血症。结果:在404例病人中,总低磷血症发生率为58.7%。神经外科、妇科肿瘤和外科ICU病人低磷血症发生率均70%。Logistic回归显示,恶性肿瘤、胆红素和血钙水平降低是低磷血症发生的危险因素,而肌酐水平升高则是低磷血症的保护因素。与正常血磷组病人比,低磷血症病人PN支持时间未明显延长(P=0.611),但机械通气使用率却显著增加(13.1%vs 3.6%,P=0.001)。结论:接受PN支持的外科手术病人低磷血症的发生率显著增高。低磷血症可显著增加病人使用机械通气的危险性。     

不同途径营养支持在食管癌术后应用的比较

目的 探讨不同途径营养支持治疗对食管癌术后早期疗效的影响. 方法 选取160例食管癌患者,随机分为肠内营养组(EN,n=93)和肠外营养组(PN,n=67),监测血浆蛋白、免疫指标及氮平衡,观察有无消化道症状、胃肠功能恢复情况. 结果 两组血浆蛋白、免疫指标及氮平衡变化差异无统计学意义,EN组胃肠功能恢复及住院时间较PN组明显缩短. 结论 食管癌术后肠内营养更符合生理需求,胃肠功能恢复快.     

Efficacy of hypocaloric parenteral nutrition for surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aims

Hypocaloric parenteral nutrition is an underfeeding strategy that lowers energy intake to around 20 kcal/kg/d. It is believed to achieve benefits by modulating metabolic responses and alleviating hyperglycemia. This study aims to systematically review the clinical efficacy of hypocaloric parenteral nutrition on surgical patients.

Methods

Medline, SCI, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedicine Database (CBM) and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI) were searched for studies published before July 1, 2010. Randomized control trials (RCTs) that compared hypocaloric PN with standard or higher energy PN in surgical patients were identified and included. Methodological quality assessment was based on Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook and modified Jadad’s Score Scale. Statistical software RevMan 5.0 was used for meta-analysis.

Results

Five trials met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. There were significant reductions in infectious complications (RR, 0.60; 95%CI 0.39–0.91, P = 0.02; I² = 38%) and length of hospitalization (LOS) associated with receiving hypocaloric PN (MD-2.49 days, 95%CI −3.88 to −1.11, P = 0.0004; I² = 48%). Stratified analysis of the smaller trials (<60) and larger trials demonstrated that the heterogeneity between trials was mainly associated with sample size. When smaller trials were excluded, hypocaloric PN was associated with reduction in infectious complications (RR, 0.21, 95%CI 0.06–0.72, P = 0.01, I2 = 0%) and shortening of LOS (MD, −2.32 days, 95%CI −3.72 to −0.93, P = 0.001, I² = 0%).

Conclusion

Hypocaloric parenteral nutrition may reduce infectious complications and the length of hospitalization in post-operative patients. However, this conclusion is tentative due to patient type and sample size. Furthermore, in terms of hypocaloric PN, the actual energy amount still varies a great deal (from 15 kcal/kg/d to 20 kcal/kg/d). This suggests that further research, including larger randomized clinical trials is required.     

Does enteral nutrition compared to parenteral nutrition result in better outcomes in critically ill adult patients? A systematic review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Nutritional support is part of the standard of care for the critically ill adult patient. In the average patient in the intensive care unit who has no contraindications to enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN), the choice of route for nutritional support may be influenced by several factors. Because EN and PN are associated with risks and benefits, we systematically reviewed and critically appraised the literature to compare EN with PN the critically ill patient. METHODS: We searched computerized bibliographic databases, personal files, and relevant reference lists to identify potentially eligible studies. Only randomized clinical trials that compared EN with PN in critically ill patients with respect to clinically important outcomes were included in this review. In an independent fashion, relevant data on the methodology and outcomes of primary studies were abstracted in duplicate. The studies were subsequently aggregated statistically. RESULTS: There were 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria and, hence, were included in our meta-analysis. The use of EN as opposed to PN was associated with a significant decrease in infectious complications (relative risk = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.47 to 0.87, P = 0.004) but not with any difference in mortality rate (relative risk = 1.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.70 to 1.65, P = 0.7). There was no difference in the number of days on a ventilator or length of stay in the hospital between groups receiving EN or PN (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = 0.07, 95% confidence interval = -0.2 to 0.33, P = 0.6). PN was associated with a higher incidence of hyperglycemia. Data that compared days on a ventilator and the development of diarrhea in patients who received EN versus PN were inconclusive. In the EN and PN groups, complications with enteral and parenteral access were seen. Four studies documented cost savings with EN as opposed to PN. CONCLUSION: The use of EN as opposed to PN results in an important decrease in the incidence of infectious complications in the critically ill and may be less costly. EN should be the first choice for nutritional support in the critically ill.     

肠内营养与肠外营养对危重症临床疗效的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析方法系统评价肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对危重症的临床疗效。方法:检索Pub Med、Embase、Springerlink、Medline、中国知网、万方、维普数据库(建库至2016年4月22日),纳入有关肠内营养与肠外营养治疗的随机对照试验(RCT),以总并发症发生率、总感染率、肺炎发生率、尿路感染率、脓毒症及其他感染发病率、死亡率、住院时间等为效应指标,由两名研究者独立对入选文献的质量和研究结果进行摘录,应用Review Manager 5.3进行Meta分析。结果 :Meta分析结果显示,与肠外营养相比,肠内营养显著降低了总感染发生率(OR=0.54,P=0.04)、肺炎发生率(OR=0.65,P=0.04)及脓毒症及其他感染发生率(OR=0.59,P=0.04),两者在总并发症发生率、尿路感染率、死亡率及住院时间均无显著差异。结论 :肠内营养能显著降低危重症病人感染的发生,特别是降低肺炎、脓毒症及相关性炎症反应的发生。     

肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者治疗效果的影响

目的观察肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者治疗效果的影响。方法重症急性胰腺炎患者45例分为完全胃肠外营养组（TPN组，n=25）和肠内营养加肠外阶段性营养组（PN＋EN组，n=20）。观察两组治疗结果以及临床指标的变化。结果营养支持后PN＋EN组的APACHEⅡ评分和CT评分均显著低于TPN组（P〈0．01）。营养支持两周后两组患者的血糖、血清淀粉酶和血肌酐水平均较营养支持前显著下降（P〈0．01），血清白蛋白、总蛋白、血钙水平均较营养支持前显著升高（P〈0．01），但是两组的各项指标比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。PN＋EN组患者的感染并发症发生率显著低于TPN组（P〈0．01），平均住院天数也显著短于TPN组（P〈0．01）。结论肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养支持方式的疗效优于完全胃肠外营养，对重症急性胰腺炎的治疗起了积极作用。     

Does peripheral hypocaloric parenteral nutrition benefit the postoperative patient? Results of a multicentric randomized trial

To study the potential benefits of hypocaloric peripheral parenteral nutrition (HPPN) in medium to high risk surgical patients we compared this regimen with standard fluid therapy during the postoperative period. Seventy patients were randomised to receive HPPN, consisting of 1 g of amino acids and 2 g of polyols (sorbitol and xylitol) per Kg per day (n = 41), or 1500 ml of 5% glucose and 1500 ml of saline (n = 29). There were no differences in length of hospital stay, postoperative complications or weight loss between the two groups. Concentrations of short and long half-life plasma proteins were similar in both groups. Nitrogen balance was negative and the nitrogen retention was low (60%) in the HPPN group. We conclude that there are no discernible clinical advantages in giving HPPN postoperatively to patients undergoing medium or major severity elective surgery.     

早产儿胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的影响因素分析

目的：分析影响早产儿胃肠外营养（ PN）相关性胆汁淤积的相关因素,为临床干预提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析自2010年1月至2014年4月在佛山市南海区第二人民医院进行PN治疗的146例早产儿相关资料,按照是否发生胆汁淤积分为对照组（未出现胆汁淤积,n＝110例）与观察组（出现胆汁淤积,n＝36例）,比较两组患者出生体重、PN持续时间、禁食时间、住院时间、PN营养液配比、感染、抗生素、机械通气等情况。结果两组患儿出生体重、PN持续时间、禁食时间、糖热卡比、氨基酸热卡比、脂肪乳酸热卡比、奶热卡比、总热卡比较差异有统计学意义（ t值分别为5．469、12．921、14．802、8．156、9．217、10．108、19．982、14．698,均P＜0．05）;感染发生率及机械通气率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2值分别为4．105、4．891,均P＜0．05）。多重逐步进入Logistic分析,结果表明PN持续时间长（OR＝2．147,95％CI：1．040～3．807）,禁食时间长（OR＝2．751,95％CI：1．970～4．408）、高葡萄糖热卡比（OR＝2．433,95％CI：1．583～3．901）、高脂肪乳热卡比（OR＝2．907,95％CI：2．072～5．833）、高氨基酸热卡比（OR＝2．779,95％CI：2．018～4．540）、机械通气（OR＝1．511,95％CI：1．067～3．908）及感染（OR＝1．275,95％CI：1．021～3．460）是早产儿胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积的危险性因素,而高出生体重（OR＝0．672,95％CI：0．070～0．759）则为保护性因素。结论早产儿胆汁淤积危害患儿的生命健康,临床医师在对早产儿进行PN时应控制早产儿感染、机械通气的使用、早日开奶,减少PN持续时间,且注意PN营养液的合理配比。     

Influence of enteral versus parenteral nutrition on blood glucose control in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is increasing evidence that tight glucose control may reduce infectious complications and mortality in surgical critically ill patients. However, data regarding the influence of artificial nutrition on glycemic homeostasis are limited. Our aim was to review all randomized controlled trials on enteral versus parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis to determine whether the route of feeding can affect the glucose control in the setting of this disease. METHODS: Relevant literature cited in three electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE and Medline) were systematically reviewed. A meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Thirteen randomized controlled trials on enteral versus parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis were identified. Seven studies were excluded from analysis, leaving 6 trials in which a total of 264 non-diabetic patients with acute pancreatitis were treated. Intake of nutrients did not differ among enterally and parenterally fed patients in 5 of 6 randomized controlled trials. Enteral nutrition reduced the risk of hyperglycemia (relative risk 0.53; 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.98; p = 0.04) and insulin requirement (relative risk 0.41; 95% confidence interval 0.24-0.70; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Enteral nutrition, when compared with parenteral nutrition, is associated with better blood glucose control in patients with acute pancreatitis.     

Nutrition support in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Failure to use the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in patients with acute pancreatitis may exacerbate the stress response and disease severity, leading to greater incidence of complications and prolonged hospitalization. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum route for nutrition support, whether nutrition therapy is better than no artificial nutrition support, whether specific additives to enteral or parenteral therapy can further enhance their efficacy, and whether methodologic differences in delivery of enteral nutrition (EN) influence tolerance. METHODS: A computerized search was performed of MEDLINE, Cochrane database, EMBASE, and reference lists of pertinent review articles for prospective randomized trials in adult patients with acute pancreatitis that evaluated interventions with nutrition therapy. Primary outcome data and surrogate endpoint parameters (for nutrition indices, stress markers, and measures of the inflammatory/immune response) were extracted in duplicate independently. Where appropriate, meta-analysis was performed by random-effects model. RESULTS: From 119 articles screened, 27 randomized controlled trials were included and analyzed. In patients admitted for acute pancreatitis, meta-analysis of 7 trials showed that use of EN was associated with a significant reduction in infectious morbidity (risk ratio [RR] = 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 - 0.74; p = .001) and hospital length of stay (LOS; weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.94; 95% CI, -5.86 to -2.02; p < .0001), a trend toward reduced organ failure (RR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.28-1.27; p = .18), with no effect on mortality (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.43-1.79; p = .72) when compared with use of parenteral nutrition (PN). Results from individual studies suggest that EN in comparison to PN reduces oxidative stress, hastens resolution of the disease process, and costs less. Insufficient data exist to determine whether EN improves outcome over standard therapy (no artificial nutrition support) in patients admitted for acute pancreatitis. However, in those patients requiring surgery for complications of acute pancreatitis, meta-analysis of 2 trials indicates that provision of EN postoperatively may reduce mortality (RR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.06 - 1.09; p = .06) compared with standard therapy. PN provided early within 24 hours of admission was shown to worsen outcome, whereas PN provided later after full-volume resuscitation appeared to improve outcome when compared with standard therapy. In early individual studies, specific supplements added to EN, such as arginine, glutamine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics, may be associated with a positive impact on patient outcome in acute pancreatitis, compared with EN alone without the supplements, but studies are too few to make strong treatment recommendations. Supplementation of PN with parenteral glutamine was shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve patient outcome (reduced duration of nutrition therapy and decreased hospital LOS) compared with PN alone in patients with acute pancreatis. A wide range of tolerance to EN exists, irrespective of known influences such as mode (continuous vs bolus) and level of infusion within the GI tract (gastric vs postpyloric). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute severe pancreatitis should begin EN early because such therapy modulates the stress response, promotes more rapid resolution of the disease process, and results in better outcome. In this sense, EN is the preferred route and has eclipsed PN as the new "gold standard" of nutrition therapy. When PN is used, it should be initiated after 5 days. The favorable effect of both EN and PN on patient outcome may be further enhanced by supplementation with modulators of inflammation and systemic immunity. Individual variability allows for a wide range of tolerance to EN, even in severe pancreatitis.     

不同营养方式对呼吸科老年重症患者呼吸肌力及临床预后的影响

目的 比较不同营养方式对呼吸科老年重症患者呼吸肌力和临床结局的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法,将147例呼吸科老年重症患者按入院先后顺序随机分为肠内(EN)肠外(PN)混合营养组,EN组和PN组,每组49例,观察营养支持前后患者能量代谢指标和呼吸肌力的变化情况及短期结局.结果 营养支持后第7天,各组患者的血浆白蛋白(ALB)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肌酐(Cr)水平和氮平衡均较营养支持前明显升高(P均＜0.01),血尿素氮(BUN)水平较营养支持前明显下降(P＜0.01);混合营养组ALB、Hb、Cr和氮平衡升高幅度均明显高于EN组和PN组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),BUN下降幅度明显高于EN组(P＜0.05).混合营养组(P=0.021)和EN组(P=0.011)的最大吸气压水平明显高于营养支持前,混合营养组的气道阻断压水平明显低于营养支持前(P=0.025).PN组患者感染性并发症及非感染性并发症发生率明显高于EN组 (P=0.002,P=0.017)和混合营养组(P=0.005,P=0.004),EN组患者的胃潴留发生率明显高于PN组(P=0.035).混合营养组患者的脱机时间、呼吸重症监护病房停留时间、住院时间与20 d死亡率均明显小于EN组和PN组(P均＜0.05).结论 EN与PN联用改善呼吸科老年重症患者营养状况和呼吸肌力的效果明显优于单用EN和PN,其短期临床结局也好于单用EN和PN.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the influences of different routes of nutrition on the outcome and respiratory muscle strength of elderly patients in respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Methods Totally 147 elderly patients in RICU were equally randomized into combined nutrition group ( combinination of parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition), total enteral nutrition (EN) group, and total parenteral nutrition (PN) group. The changes of energy metabolism, respiratory muscle strength, and short-term outcome were observed or determined.Results Plasma albumin (ALB), hemoglobin (Hb), creatinine (Cr) levels, and nitrogen balance significantly increased in all group 7 days later ( all P ＜ 0. 01 ), while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased ( P ＜0.01 ). The increase of ALB, Hb, Cr levels, and nitrogen balance were significantly more remarkable than that in EN group and PN group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The decrease of BUN level in the combined nutrition group was significantly more remarkable than that in EN group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). After nutritional support, the maximum inspiratory pressure in the combined nutrition group (P =0. 021 ) and EN group (P = 0. 011 ) became significantly higher, and occlusion pressure at 0.1 second inspiration level in the combined nutrition group became significantly lower ( P =0. 025). The incidences of infectious and non-infectious complications in PN group were significantly higher than those in EN group (P = 0. 002 and 0. 017, respectively) and combined nutrition group ( P = 0. 005 and 0. 004, respectively). Gastric retention was more common in EN group than that in PN group ( P = 0. 035). The weaning time,length of RICU stay, length of hospital stay and 20-day-mortality were significantly decreased in the combined nutrition group than those in the other two groups ( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion The effectiveness of the combined application of PN and EN is superior to PN or EN alone in improving nutritional status and respiratory muscle strength as well as in improving the short-term outcome in elderly patients in RICU..     

双腔袋肠外营养注射液在胃肠术后应用的安全性评价

目的对双腔袋肠外营养注射液(PN-Twin)在胃肠手术后应用的安全性进行回顾性评价。方法36例胃肠手术后患者分别按使用PN-Twin(2000ml/天)或3升袋“全合一”肠外营养液分为双腔袋组和3升袋组,观察两组患者用药期间的生命体征、不良反应、感染性并发症以及治疗前后的体重改变,检测术前1天和术后1、3、6天的血电解质、血糖、肝、肾功能、血红蛋白及血清内脏蛋白等指标。结果两组患者术后生命体征平稳,未发现腹泻、恶心、呕吐等不良反应和感染性并发症,两组治疗前后的体重改变无显著性差异(P=0.67)。双腔袋组和3升袋组术后血电解质、肝、肾功能指标基本正常,两组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。双腔袋组术后血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平与3升袋组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),两组血糖均控制在10mmol/L以下。结论胃肠手术后患者短期经中心静脉输注PN-Twin是安全的。