浙江省2009年度血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的 及时掌握浙江省血吸虫病疫情发展动态,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 根据<浙江省血吸虫病监测巩固方案(2007年修订版)>,对浙江省54个县的439个乡(镇)3559个村开展螺情和病情监测.结果 在21个流行县(市、区)中查出有螺面积95.97 hm2;解剖钉螺84 488只,未发现感染性钉螺.根据血清学监测,查病189 884人,阳性2752人,阳性率为1.49%;发现输入性血吸虫病病例20例,未发现本地粪检阳性患者.分析今后血防重点仍是查灭残存钉螺和防控外来传染源.     

浙江省2009年度血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的 及时掌握浙江省血吸虫病疫情发展动态,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 根据<浙江省血吸虫病监测巩固方案(2007年修订版)>,对浙江省54个县的439个乡(镇)3559个村开展螺情和病情监测.结果 在21个流行县(市、区)中查出有螺面积95.97 hm2;解剖钉螺84 488只,未发现感染性钉螺.根据血清学监测,查病189 884人,阳性2752人,阳性率为1.49%;发现输入性血吸虫病病例20例,未发现本地粪检阳性患者.分析今后血防重点仍是查灭残存钉螺和防控外来传染源.     

浙江省2009年度血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的 及时掌握浙江省血吸虫病疫情发展动态,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 根据<浙江省血吸虫病监测巩固方案(2007年修订版)>,对浙江省54个县的439个乡(镇)3559个村开展螺情和病情监测.结果 在21个流行县(市、区)中查出有螺面积95.97 hm2;解剖钉螺84 488只,未发现感染性钉螺.根据血清学监测,查病189 884人,阳性2752人,阳性率为1.49%;发现输入性血吸虫病病例20例,未发现本地粪检阳性患者.分析今后血防重点仍是查灭残存钉螺和防控外来传染源.     

浙江省2016年血吸虫病疫情监测分析

目的 及时掌握浙江省血吸虫病疫情变化动态,为修订监测策略提供科学依据.方法 收集2016年全省血吸虫病年报表及“寄生虫病防治信息管理系统”的疫情和流行病学调查资料,对2016年血吸虫病疫情进行统计分析.结果 2016年,全省有螺乡镇96个,有螺村328个,实有钉螺面积74.18 hm2,新查出有螺面积0.75 hm2;解剖钉螺102 991只,未发现感染性钉螺.血清学调查10.80万人,阳性652人,阳性率为0.60％;查出输入性血吸虫病患者9例;未发现本地粪检阳性患者(或病畜).全省救治晚期血吸虫病患者1 095例.结论 浙江省2016年血吸虫病疫情稳定,但钉螺面积有所增加,输入性病例时有发生,相关机构应继续坚持查灭钉螺和防控外来传染源为主的综合性消除策略.     

浙江省2011年血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的 及时掌握浙江省血吸虫病疫情动态变化,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 根据《浙江省血吸虫病监测巩固方案(2007年修订版)》,在全省开展螺情和病情监测.螺情监测用系统抽样结合环境抽查法,查到的钉螺用压碎法检查血吸虫感染情况,用土埋结合药物方法灭螺;病情监测用血清学筛查阳性者粪检,对有螺村和来自尚未控制血吸虫病县人(畜)采用血清学筛查监测病情,血清阳性者进一步粪检.结果 在17个流行县(市、区)中查出有螺面积59.62 hm2,其中新查出有螺面积0.53 hm2;解剖钉螺71 450只,未发现感染性钉螺.血清学查病139 896人,阳性1279人,阳性率为0.91％;发现输入性血吸虫病病例9例,其中2例急性病例,未发现本地粪检阳性患者(畜).结论 今后要继续加强监测,查清螺情,压缩残存钉螺,防控外来传染源.     

2008-2011年浙江省省级血吸虫病监测点监测结果分析

目的掌握浙江省省级血吸虫病监测点疫情状况,为制定防治对策提供参考。方法按《浙江省血吸虫病监测点监测方案》要求,在全省9个省级血吸虫病监测点开展螺情、病情及相关因素等调查。结果 2008-2011年监测点螺情监测在6个监测点查出有螺面积54 970m2,2011年有螺面积、有螺框出现率和活螺密度分别较2008年下降了71.81%、80.99%和93.79%,未查到输入性钉螺和感染性钉螺。病情监测未发现本地急性感染病人、新感染病人(畜),尚存4例历史晚期血吸虫病患者,发现14例输入性血吸虫病患者,其中2例为急性血吸虫病患者。结论监测结果基本反映了浙江省达到血吸虫病传播阻断标准后当前的疫情状况和防治现状,残存钉螺和输入性传染源的存在增加了血吸虫病重新流行的危险性,必需加强本地螺情和输入性传染源的监测。     

2007年浙江省血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的 掌握血吸虫病疫情,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 螺情调查与疫区人群的检查相结合.螺情监测用系统抽样结合环境抽查法,查到的钉螺用压碎法检查血吸虫感染,用土埋结合药物方法灭螺;病情监测用血清学筛选阳性者后粪检,检查有螺村和来自尚未控制血吸虫病县人(畜).结果 对浙江省53个县的427个乡(镇)4193个村开展查螺,在22个县的84个乡349个村查到钉螺,面积122.02hm2,捕获并解剖钉螺107 613只,结果均阴性.查病210 989人,未发现本地患者,但查到输入性病例24例.全省共确认晚期血吸虫病患者1060例,并已展开救助.结论 浙江省血吸虫病疫情稳定,但残存钉螺面积居高不下,输入性病例时有发生,今后血防重点是查灭钉螺和防控外来传染源.     

浙江省2013年血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的了解浙江省血吸虫病疫情动态变化,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法采用系统抽样结合环境抽查法监测螺情,采用压碎法检查钉螺血吸虫感染情况。对有螺村和来自或往返于尚未控制血吸虫病县的人畜进行筛查和病情监测。结果浙江省2013年有螺乡镇98个,有螺村369个;钉螺面积94.21 hm2,解剖钉螺55 625只,未发现感染性钉螺。血清学查病130 450人,阳性率为0.84%;其中流动人口血清学查病75 317人,阳性率为0.85%。粪检1 112人,未发现本地粪检阳性者,查出输入性血吸虫感染者14人。有历史晚期血吸虫病(晚血)患者1 161例,救助率100.00%。结论浙江省血吸虫病疫情稳定,但尚有大面积残存钉螺面积,输入性病例时有发现,今后血防重点是查灭残存钉螺和防控外来传染源。     

嘉兴市秀洲区2012-2014年省级血吸虫病监测点监测结果分析

通过掌握嘉兴市秀洲区省级血吸虫病监测点疫情动态,为评价全省水网型地区血吸虫病防治措施和防治效果提供依据。本研究根据《浙江省血吸虫病监测点监测方案(2012年修订版)》要求,开展螺情、病情和相关因素等监测工作,纵向观察、分析水网型地区疫情变化趋势。结果显示2012-2014年查螺面积累计18.99hm2,本监测周期内未发现钉螺。本地居民血吸虫病IHA监测阳性率为1.14%。在秀洲区输入性传染源监测中,查出实验室确诊病例3例。2012-2014年监测点虽未发现钉螺,但前期时有钉螺复现,并有输入性传染源存在,警惕有局部流行的风险。重点应做好本地螺情和输入性传染源的监测工作,巩固取得的防治成果。     

常山县2008-2011年血吸虫病监测点监测结果分析

目的分析常山县血吸虫病监测点2008-2011年疫情状况,掌握山丘地区复杂环境血吸虫病监测方法,为制订山丘地区监测方案提供科学依据。方法根据全国和浙江省血吸虫病监测点监测方案,每年对螺情、自然因素、常住人群、流动人口和家畜疫情进行监测,纵向观察和分析山丘地区血防传播阻断下疫情变化趋势。结果 2008-2011年监测点疫情监测未发现本地急性感染和新感染病人(畜)。螺情监测每年均发现少量残存钉螺,4年累计发现有螺面积6 680m2,活螺1 021只,未查到感染性钉螺。本地居民血检IHA阳性率为3.43%,输入性病例血检IHA阳性率为6.37%,未发现输入性急性血吸虫病例。结论监测点疫情稳定,但有少量残存钉螺,仍易引起血吸虫病重新传播流行,应重点做好本地螺情和输入性传染源的监测。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.