GE Tracerlab FX-FDG模块合成^18F-FDG影响因素分析及解决方法

18F-FDG尽管在PET及PET/CT诊断中有其不尽完善的表现,但依然是最主要的临床常规使用的正电子显像药物,因此如何在现有的设备当中保证及提高18F-FDG的产率是每个PET中心药师要面临和解决的问题。本文在实际工作中积累总结了GE Tracerlab FX-FDG合成模块合成18F-FDG时的一些常见影响因素及处理办法,有助于对18F-FDG低产率的原因分析及问题的解决。     

18F-脱氧葡萄糖联合18F-脱氧胸苷双示踪剂诊断肺结节的价值

目的 探讨18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxy glucose,18F-FDG)联合18F-脱氧胸苷(8F-Fluoro-3 '-Deoxy -3 '-L-fluorothymidine,18F-FLT)正电子发射计算机显像(PET/CT)检查在肺脏孤立结节诊断中的价值.方法 12例肺脏孤立结节或肿块,直...     

Tracerlab合成18F-FDG低产率故障分析

随着近几年国内PET（正电子发射断层扫描系统）、PET/CT（PET与CT的同机融合）及符合线路的应用越来越多,正电子放射性药物的需求量在逐渐增加。尤其是正电子放射性药物中使用最成熟的^18F-FDG,作为目前常规使用的正电子药物,每一个制备该药物的场地,都应保证最好的产率,不仅可以满足临床即时应用的需要,也避免了因同一天重复生产而造成的成本浪费和可能发生的辐射损伤。由于正电子放射性药物的特殊性（高放射性,短半衰期）,均采用微量试剂（即参与反应的主要配体试剂为十几毫克至几十毫克之间）,全自动化合成。     

对合成3,3’-二氯联苯胺工人的健康调查

在合成3．3′-二氯联苯胺(3，3′-二Dichioroben zidine，DCB)过程中，原料邻硝基氯苯，中间产物邻氯苯胺可影响人体健康。为此，我们对某厂合成DCB的工人进行了调查。结果如下。     

基于AllinOne合成模块的雌激素受体显像剂18F-FES自动化合成

目的:应用AllinOne合成模块自动化合成雌激素受体(ER)显像剂16α-氟18(¹⁸F)-17β-雌二醇(¹⁸F-FES),为¹⁸F-FES在临床中的进一步应用提供支持。方法:采用AllinOne合成模块,以3-O-(甲氧甲基)-16,17-O-磺酰基-16-表雌二醇(MMSE)为前体,与干燥后的¹⁸F-发生亲核反应,再依次经酸水解及碱中和,经过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分离并纯化后获得¹⁸F-FES产品,并进行质量控制检测。结果:在¹⁸F-FES的合成中,合成时间为70 min,6次合成不校正合成平均效率为(38.87±3.52)%,产品放射化学纯度>98%,无菌检测、细菌内毒素检测、异常毒性检测及残留溶剂乙腈含量检测结果均符合《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)要求。结论:应用AllinOne合成模块成功地自动化合成了ER受体显像剂¹⁸F-FES,制备出的¹⁸F-FES产品质量符合临床要求,为推动¹⁸F-FES在临床上的应用提供了支持。     

^18F-FDG和^18F—FLT PET／CT诊断肺结节的影响因素研究

目的探讨^18F—FDG（^18F-脱氧葡萄糖）和^18F-FLT（^18F-胸腺嘧啶）双核素PET／CT显像诊断肺结节的影响因素，以提高PET／CT对肺结节的诊断价值。方法选择肺结节患者55例为研究对象，其中男性33例，女性22例，年龄17—82岁，28例为肺内孤立结节，其余为2～3个结节，结节大小0．6～11．0cm，所有患者均行肺部^18F-FDG和^18F—FLTPET／CT检查，分析^18F—FDG和^18F-FLT标准摄取值（SUV）与肺结节患者的性别、年龄、结节大小及病理类型等相互关系和意义。结果55例肺结节患者，^18F—FDG和^18F-FLT标准摄取值与患者的性别、年龄、结节大小等均无关（P〉0．05），^18F-FDG标准摄取值与患者的病理类型无关（P〉0.05），而^18F—FLT标准摄取值与患者的病理类型有关，恶性肿瘤的SUVFLT大于良性肿瘤（P〈0．05）。结论肺结节患者结节的病理类型是影响^18F—FLT标准摄取值的重要因素，^18F—FLTPET／CT鉴别诊断肺结节良恶性具有重要的价值和意义。     

急性CO中毒患者脑白质脱髓鞘病变的检测

对16例急性一氧化碳中毒及其迟发脑病患者脑脊液中2′,3′-环核苷酸3′-磷酸二酯酶(CNP)的活性及中枢神经系统24h IgG合成率、IgG指数进行了观察,发现3项指标结果均高于对照组,提示患者中枢神经系统存在脱髓鞘病变,并可能存在自身免疫反应,为研究急性一氧化碳中毒及其迟发脑病患者的临床诊治及发病机理提供了线索。     

α-细辛脑合成中格式加成反应条件的优化

目的:通过优化格式加成反应的工艺条件,提高α-细辛脑的收率和稳定产品的质量。方法:采用正交实验设计法,考察了格氏试剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、四氢呋喃用量对α-细辛脑合成产率的影响,优化格式加成反应的工艺条件。结果:按优化条件进行合成,α-细辛脑平均收率达到了64.15%,比原工艺提高了22.35%。结论:优选出的工艺合理可行,重复性好,α-细辛脑的合成产率有所提高。     

18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层显像在胃癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值

目的探讨18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)在原发性胃癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值.方法31例经病理证实的原发性胃癌患者予18F-FDGPET显像检查.采用视觉分析及半定量方法[标准摄取值(SUV)]进行影像学诊断,并与CT检查的结果进行比较.结果(1)PET诊断胃癌的灵敏度为87.1%(27/31),原发病灶的大小是导致假阴性的主要原因,4例假阴性原发病灶直径均＜1 cm(T1期).(2)18例术后证实有胃局部淋巴结转移的患者,18F-FDG PET检出12例,而CT只检出8例,灵敏度分别为66.7%和44.4%.(3)31例患者中PET检出8例有肝脏、肺、腹腔、后腹膜淋巴结等远处转移,其中4例由于PET的结果改变治疗策略.结论18F-FDG PET对于胃癌是一种较灵敏的检查方法,对诊断局部淋巴结和远处转移可能优于传统的影像学检查,对术前分期具有重要的临床意义.     

骨骼系统PET/CT显像和核医学平面显像对比研究

目的:探讨单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)骨显像和PET/CT骨显像结果的差异及可能的原因。方法:对2例病例均先后行SPECT骨显像和PET/CT骨显像,并对图像进行对比分析。结果:骨骼对18F-fluoride(PET/CT骨显像剂)和99mTc-MDP(SPECT骨显像剂)的摄取机理类似,均可以反映局部血流量及骨代谢更新的活跃程度,由于18F-fluoride与骨的亲和力强于99mTc-MDP,因此PET/CT图像具有比SPECT更高的系统分辨率和系统灵敏度。结论:PET/CT骨显像灵敏度和分辨率均高于SPECT,但由于其检查费用较高及自身受18F的短半衰期限制,因而其在临床应用受到一定的限制。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.