广西3市尘螨种群分布初步调查

从广西的南宁，北海，桂林３个城市的私人住宅，集体宿舍，宾馆和医院４和睦民采集了３９４份屋尘样品，并从中随机抽取９０份样品进行检查，螨类检出率为６５．５５％，桂林市平均螨密度最高，约为南宁市的２．５倍和北海市的７倍。此次发现４个目５个科螨类。在南宁市及桂林市采集到的螨类大部分属粉螨科，而北海市的大部分螨类属跗线螨科。     

大理州2004--2007年州属直管公共场所卫生学检测结果与分析

目的评价大理州州级直管公共场所公共用品的消毒效果和空气质量。方法采用整群抽样的方法．对2004-2007年大理市内属于州级管理的4类公共场所：旅店业、KTV娱乐业、美容美发业和桑拿浴室业的公共用品和空气采样进行微生物检测，结果4个年度4类公共场所公共用品总消毒合格率分别为90.38％、94．11％、96．56％和96．30％．经统计学处理具有显著性差异（χ^2=28．93P〈0．01）．其中旅店业上升幅度较大，由91．62％上升到97．84％，有显著性差异（χ^2=29．9，P〈0．01）。4个年度空气细菌合格率分别为94．26％、96．97％、94.24％和97．92％，经统计学处理具有显著性差异（χ^2=16．71，P〈0．01）。结论公共场所卫生监督监测通过强化管理．消毒效果不断好转．卫生质量得到改善．     

围刺治疗对实验性增生样皮损模型鼠皮损组织学观察

目的观察围刺治疗对实验性增生样皮损模型鼠皮损组织学的影响。方法外用二硝基氟苯在鼠背部建立增生样皮损动物模型，应用围刺治疗与外用药（艾洛松）比较真皮内单核细胞计数和表皮厚度指数的变化。结果（1）单核细胞计数（P=0．001，P〈0．05）说明三组间有统计学差异，治疗组间相比较（P=0．012，P〉0．05）说明两组间无统计学差异。（2）表皮厚度指数（P=0．001，P〈0．05）说明三组间有统计学差异，治疗组间相比较（P=0．719，P〉0．05）说明两组间无统计学差异，可认为不同的治疗方法对增生样皮损动物模型的治疗没有差别。结论围刺治疗增生样皮损动物模型有效。     

2011-2013年通海县公共场所用品用具卫生状况分析

目的了解通海县公共场所用品用具卫生状况,为今后更好地进行监督管理提供依据。方法对2011～2013年通海县公共场所用品用具卫生监测情况进行分析。结果2011－2013年共检测1355份公共场所用品用具,合格1185份,合格率为87．45％。2011年为88．58％,2012年为88．11％,2013年为85．81％,不同年份公共用品合格率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。不同公共场所用品用具合格率最高为旅店业,合格率为94．09％,娱乐场所合格率最低,78．71％,不同公共场所合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同种类用品用具,床上用品类合格率最高,98．17％,杯具类合格率最低,76．17％,不同公共用品用具合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论通海县公共场所用品用具卫生质量仍存在一些问题,应加强对娱乐场所用品用具清洗、消毒卫生的监管工作。     

某市城区托幼儿童、中小学生HBV感染的血清学调查

目的：了解我市城区托幼儿童、中小学生乙肝炎病毒（HBV）的感染状况，切实做好乙肝的预防控制工作。方法：采用血清流行病学调查方法对托幼儿童及中小学生进行HBV感染的调查。结果：共检测出HBsAg携带者1049人，携带率为7．11％。两性间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=23．42，P〈0．01）。受检者HBsAg携带率呈现随年龄增长有所增高，其高峰在12～18岁。各年龄段之间HbsAg携带率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=469．68，P〈0．01）。HBsAg携带率中学生〉小学生〉托幼儿童，3者之间差异有统计学意义（Y2=369．52，P〈0．01）。抗-HBS阳性率托幼儿童〉小学生〉中学生，3者之间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=787．74，P〈0．01）。HbsAg、HgeAg双项阳性者比HBsAg单项阳性者的TTT和ALT异常率高，两者差异有统计学意义（TTT：χ^2=42.14，P〈0．01；ALT：χ^2=40．94，P〈0、01）。结论：该市应定期对托幼儿童、中小学生及时进行乙肝疫苗接种，加强HBsAg携带者HBeAg阳性者的管理和治疗，确保青少年儿童身体健康。     

2006年东阿县部分食品及公共场所从业人员HBsAg调查

[目的]了解东阿县食品和公共场所从业人员HBsAg阳性分布情况，为乙型肝炎防治工作提出相关对策。[方法]2006年采用酶联免疫法对东阿县5858名从业人员进行HBsAg检测，并对检测结果进行统计分析。[结果]被检测的5858名从业人员中，HBsAg阳性99人，阳性率1．69％。其中，男性阳性率1．55％，女性阳性率1．84％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；县城从业人员阳性率3．47％，农村从业人员阳性率0．44％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；食品从业人员阳性率2．14％，公共场所从业人员阳性率1．34％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]东阿县食品及公共场所从业人员中总体HBsAg阳性率较低。建议加强对低年龄组从业人员乙肝疫苗预防接种，提高对乙肝病毒的免疫力。     

三种环境条件对毛囊蠕形螨杀灭作用的实验研究

目的探讨2％甲硝唑溶液、常用消毒剂以及高温环境对人体毛囊蠕形螨的体外杀灭作用，为选择有效的灭螨方法提供可靠依据。方法采用透明胶带法获取螨虫，置于不同的条件下，观察其存活情况。结果毛囊蠕形螨在2％甲硝唑溶液中存活时间为36（12～48）h，与空白对照组27（5～56）h比较差异无统计学意义（u=-0．066，P〉0．05）。在3组消毒剂和空白对照组间，毛囊蠕形螨存活时间差异有统计学意义（χ^2=51．610，P〈0．01）。其中，毛囊蠕形螨在75％医用酒精中存活时间为0．22（0．07～0．78）h，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（u=5．6075，P〈0．01）；而毛囊蠕形螨在1％新洁尔灭中存活时间为48（12～60）h，在84消毒液（1：50）中存活时间为24（12～48）h，二者与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1．845，P〉0．01）。在2％甲硝唑、75％医用酒精、1％新洁尔灭、84消毒液（1：50）和空白对照组间，毛囊蠕形螨12h内死亡率分别为19．05％、100．00％、12．50％、21．43％和17．24％，经χ^2检验差异有统计学意义（χ^2=60．0869，P〈0．01）。蠕形螨在45℃时，生存时间急剧缩短，由27℃时生存27h缩短为1．5h，54℃仅生存10min；当温度升至60℃时，存活时间最长不超过1min。结论2％甲硝唑溶液对毛囊蠕形螨无体外杀灭作用；3种消毒液中，只有75％医用酒精对蠕形螨有杀灭作用，1％新洁尔灭和84消毒液（1：50）对蠕形螨均无效。蠕形螨不耐高温，45℃对毛囊蠕形螨生存不利，54℃为致死温度，60℃为灭螨的最佳有效温度。因此，高温灭螨法可以作为目前既环保有效又简便快捷的方法。     

四种类型公共场所从业人员烟草暴露与控烟状况调查

目的 了解公共场所从业人员的烟草暴露与控烟现况,为开展公共场所有效控烟工作提供依据。方法2009年10月方便抽取北京市通州区洗浴、餐饮、歌厅、网吧共45家,随机选取公共场所从业人员507人独立填答无记名调查问卷。结果问卷有效应答率93．5％（n=474）。四类公共场所从业人员的总吸烟率为42．2％,男性（69．5％）高于女性（8．5％）,差别有统计学意义（x^2=178．624,P〈0．001）。3．4％的调查者尝试过吸烟,16岁～组和小学文化程度以下者尝试吸烟率稍高,分别为5．2％和10．0％;40～53岁的戒烟率较高,达27．8％。四类公共场所从业人员被动吸烟率为62．0％,男（55．0％）、女（64．9％）被动吸烟率差异无统计学意义（x^2=2．381,P=0．123）。女性被动吸烟暴露程度较男性严重（X2=8．272,P=-0．016）。四类公共场所均有销售卷烟现象。11．6％的从业人员不清楚其工作场所对吸烟的规定,且69．7％的从业人员没看见或没注意过在禁烟场所吸烟被处罚。只有14．2％的顾客能遵守吸烟规定。如果顾客在非吸烟区吸烟,74．8％的从业人员特别是非吸烟者和文化程度较高的从业人员更易于上前制止吸烟。85．0％的从业人员认为在工作场所开展完全禁烟的困难是顾客难以配合。结论休闲娱乐类公共场所从业人员的吸烟率和被动吸烟率均很高。     

临朐县1999～2003年公共场所从业人员HBsAg检测分析

[目的]了解公共场所从业人员HBsAg携带状况，加强监督力度。[方法]对临朐县1999～2003年公共场所从业人员4711人进行HBsAg检测情况进行分析。[结果]检测公共场所从业人员4711人，HBsAg阳性155人，阳性率为3．29％；不同年份阳性率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；不同性别、各年龄组阳性率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]临朐县公共场所从业人员HBsAg携带状况基本保持不变，应引起重视防止疾病的传播。     

2011~2012年盘锦市双台子区部分公共场所室内空气细菌总数检测结果分析

目的了解盘锦市双台子区公共场所室内微生物污染情况,为制定相应预防措施提供依据。方法对2011～2012年盘锦市双台子区所辖153家公共场所的卫生检测资料进行分析。结果双台子区公共场所室内空气微生物合格率为81．59％,不同年份间合格率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,不同季度问差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论造成公共场所室内空气微生物污染的因素有多种,应采取综合防治措施。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.