中专学生童年期羞辱经历及其与心理健康的关联

目的了解中专学生儿童期羞辱的发生情况，探讨儿童期羞辱经历的社会影响因素及其与学生心理健康的关联，为制定干预策略提供依据。方法采用自填式问卷，对石家庄某中专学校学生484名的儿童期羞辱经历进行不记名调查。结果46．7％的学生16岁前曾经历过至少1次羞辱。对儿童羞辱的人，排在前5位的依次是同伴／同学(30．6％)、教师(25．8％)、父亲(21．1％)、母亲(20．9％)和兄弟姐妹(18．4％)。有过儿童期羞辱经历的学生，SCL-90量表中的躯体症状、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性症状等9个因子的均分均明显高于没有儿童期羞辱经历的学生，而且儿童期羞辱经历与人际关系敏感、抑郁、敌对、偏执、精神病性症状等因子均分和SCL-90总均分有随羞辱程度加重而上升的剂量反应趋势。结论中专学校学生儿童期羞辱问题常见。儿童期羞辱经历与青少年学生心理健康问题明显相关。在学校和社区应开展预防儿童虐待的干预活动，使教师和家长掌握有利于儿童身心健康发展的教育方法，制定相应的法律法规，规范教师、家长的行为，制止对儿童的羞辱。     

565名大学生儿童期性虐待经历回顾性调查

目的 了解大学生中儿童期性虐待发生情况,探讨性虐待经历对大学生心理健康的影响。方法 用自填式问卷,于2003年9月对一所普通高校565名大学生就有关儿童期受性虐待经历进行不记名回顾性调查。结果 在被调查的565名大学生中,有20.0％(32/160)的女生和14.3％(58/405)的男生报告16岁以前曾经历过非身体接触或身体接触的性虐待,其中18名(11.3％)女生和31名(7.7％)男生经历过身体接触的性虐待。儿童期性虐待经历首次发生年龄59.4％的女生、51.7％的男生发生在11岁及以下。与没有儿童期性虐待经历的学生比较,有儿童期性虐待经历的学生抑郁情绪量表得分高;健康状况自我感觉评价得分低;症状自评简表中的躯体症状、敌意、强迫症状和焦虑得分高;有过性交行为及在调查的近一年里考虑过自杀、饮酒醉过的比例高。结论 儿童性虐待问题在中国并非少见。大学生心理健康问题与儿童期性虐待经历相关。亟待开展儿童期性虐待的预防工作及为受害者提供心理健康服务。     

668名大专男生童年期虐待经历回顾性调查

目的了解大专男生童年期遭受虐待的情况,探讨虐待经历对大学生心理健康的影响。方法采用自填式问卷对668名大专男生就有关童年时期受虐待经历进行不记名回顾性调查。结果在被调查的668名大学生中,16周岁前,被徒手打的发生率是71.7%,被物品打的发生率是45.3%,被羞辱的发生率是60.1%,37.8%学生曾目睹暴力场面。有虐待经历学生躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执等十个因子均分高于没有虐待经历的学生,自尊量表的平均得分值低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论儿童期虐待对大学生的心理健康产生影响。     

儿童期受虐待经历与大学生自杀意念的关联

目的研究儿童期受虐待经历与大学生自杀意念之间的关联,为保障大学生的身心健康提供依据。方法2018年5-7月,运用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,选取山西省6所大学的大学生(儿童期虐待有效调查人数3 854名,自杀意念有效调查3 882名),进行儿童期虐待问卷中文版和自杀意念自评量表调查。结果儿童期至少有过1种虐待经历的占42.4%,近1周内有过自杀意念的占3.9%。经χ~2检验,儿童期遭受过躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视、情感忽视大学生自杀意念检出率均高于未遭受相应虐待大学生(χ2值分别为13.78,12.97,17.10,56.56,66.58,P值均<0.01);Spearman相关性分析结果显示,儿童期各型受虐待经历均和大学生自杀意念存在正相关(r值分别为0.06,0.06,0.07,0.12,0.13,P值均<0.01);多因素Logistic回归模型发现,在控制其他影响因素后,儿童期遭受躯体忽视以及情感忽视与大学生自杀意念发生呈正相关(OR值分别为2.18,2.07,P值均<0.05)。结论儿童期遭受躯体忽视和情感忽视可增加大学生自杀意念的风险。在儿童少年早期给予足够的关注和爱护可能有助于防止成年期自杀意念的产生。     

长三角地区“双一流”高校大学生遭受虐待经历与自杀意念的关系

目的 了解长三角地区双一流高校大学生儿童期遭受虐待经历与自杀意念之间的关系，为双一流高校大学生身心健康发展提供帮助。方法 在长三角地区的三省一市选取8所双一流高校的2412名大学生进行虐待经历和自杀意念的问卷调查，并对结果进行〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗检验、logistic回归分析。结果 双一流高校大学生儿童时期遭受1种及以上虐待经历的人数占43.99%。其中躯体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视、情感忽视的比例分别为12.11%、6.67%、17.21%、36.40%和21.43%。大学生自杀意念报告率为3.94%。情感忽视（OR=2.08）、躯体忽视（OR=2.19）与大学生自杀意念存在正相关（P值均＜0.01）。结论 大学生在儿童期遭受躯体和情感忽视与自杀意念相关，预防儿童期虐待经历有助于预防大学阶段产生自杀意念。     

有留守经历的大学生儿童期虐待与心理健康状况

  目的  探讨心理韧性在有留守经历的大学生儿童期虐待与心理健康之间的中介作用,为提高留守经历大学生心理健康水平提供参考依据。  方法  采用儿童期虐待问卷、中国心理韧性量表和症状自评量表,对安徽省某理工院校有留守经历大学生350人和无留守经历大学生297人的儿童期虐待水平、心理韧性水平和心理健康状况进行测定,对收集到的数据进行相关分析和中介效应分析。  结果  有留守经历的大学生儿童期受虐待水平高于无留守经历大学生(Z=-2.696,P=0.007)且心理韧性水平低于无留守经历的大学生(Z=-3.267,P=0.001);心理韧性与儿童期虐待、心理健康水平得分均呈负相关(r=-0.279,P < 0.001,r=-0.247,P < 0.001),儿童期虐待与心理健康水平得分呈正相关(r=0.280,P < 0.001);儿童期虐待对心理健康问题产生的直接效应为0.247,通过心理韧性对心理健康问题产生的中介效应占总效应的19.02%。  结论  心理韧性在儿童期虐待与心理健康之间起到部分中介作用,因此,对有留守的儿童期虐待经历的大学生进行以提高心理韧性水平为主要目的干预活动,进而提高他们的总体心理健康水平。     

邢台市女大学生童年期虐待经历调查及其对心理健康的影响

目的了解邢台女大学生童年期受虐待的经历,探讨童年期虐待经历对女大学生心理健康影响。方法采用随机整群抽样法,对973名邢台女大学生进行童年时期受虐待经历不记名回顾性问卷调查。结果在被调查的973名女大学生中,44.5%学生被徒手打,28.5%学生被物品打,39.6%学生被羞辱,39.1%曾经目睹暴力场景,被迫发生性行为发生率为3.5%。有童年期虐待经历女生躯体化、人际关系敏感、强迫症状、焦虑、敌对、抑郁、恐怖、偏执等10个因子的平均分高于无虐待女生,自尊量表平均分值低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:父母婚姻状况正常是发生童年期虐待的保护因素(OR=7.655,P=0.005),母亲受教育程度高(OR=0.533,P=0.027)是儿童虐待发生的保护因素。结论童年期虐待经历影响大学生心理健康。     

儿童期受虐待经历对大学生遭受网络欺凌的关联性研究

目的探讨儿童期受虐待经历对大学生遭受网络欺凌的影响。方法采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取山西省6所大学4,040名大二、大三年级在校学生进行问卷调查。结果儿童期遭受的虐待中报告率最高的是躯体忽视(36.3%),其次是情感忽视(21.5%)、性虐待(17.2%)、躯体虐待(12.1%)、情感虐待(6.6%)。大学生遭受的网络欺凌各因子均分分别为:隐匿身份(1.79±0.82)分、网络言语欺凌(1.54±0.64)分、网络伪造欺诈(1.49±0.64)分。经t检验,男生遭受的网络欺凌各因子得分及总得分高于女生,父母离异的学生高于父母未离异的学生,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);独生子女遭受的网络言语欺凌均分高于非独生子女(P0.05)。多重线性回归模型显示:儿童期的情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待及躯体忽视经历是大学生遭受网络欺凌的危险因素。结论儿童期受虐待经历会对大学生遭受网络欺凌产生一定的影响,且随着受虐待程度的增加,大学生遭受网络欺凌的严重程度也会增加。     

儿童期被徒手打经历对青少年心理健康的影响

目的 了解青少年儿童期被徒手打情况,探讨儿童期被徒手打经历的影响因素及其对学生心理健康的影响.方法 采用自填式问卷,对河北528名大学和中专学生儿童期被徒手打经历进行不记名调查.结果 有40.2%的学生报告在16岁前曾被他人严重徒手打过.学生报告童年期对其实施徒手打的人排在前5位的依次为教师（16.1%）、父亲（14.8%）、同学（13.4%）、母亲（11.4%）、陌生的未成年人（4.5%）.儿童期有过3次及以上被徒手打经历的学生其躯体化症状、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病症状等因子分≥1的检出率均明显高于童年期没有被徒手打经历的学生.结论 在我国儿童被徒手打问题常见,儿童期被徒手打经历与青少年心理健康问题明显相关.     

童年期被虐待经历对大学生恋爱暴力发生的影响

目的 了解大学生恋爱暴力的发生情况及童年期被虐待经历对大学生恋爱暴力发生的影响。方法 采用滚雪球抽样的方法,对北京市7所大学的1 130名大学生进行不记名自填式问卷调查。结果 1 130名大学生中50.8%最近一年有过恋爱经历,其中遭受和实施恋爱暴力的比例分别为16.9%和11.1%。遭受肢体暴力、情感虐待和性暴力的比例分别为14.1%、10.6%和9.9%,实施肢体暴力、情感虐待和性暴力的比例分别为8.0%、7.1%和3.7%。有509名(45.0%)大学生在童年期曾有被父母虐待的经历,其中被用力徒手打、用物品打、在其他人面前遭到羞辱和目睹父母打架或父母打兄弟姐妹的比例分别为41.6%、24.9%、13.1%和24.5%。具有童年期被虐待经历的大学生遭受和实施恋爱暴力的比例均高于童年期没有被虐待经历的大学生,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.005)。结论 大学生恋爱暴力问题不容忽视,童年期遭受父母虐待经历对大学生恋爱暴力的发生具有一定影响。     

儿童期虐待类型与青少年焦虑抑郁关系的相对权重分析

目的 探讨儿童期虐待类型对青少年焦虑、抑郁影响的相对效应及其性别差异,为经历虐待以及焦虑、抑郁的青少年开展干预提供参考.方法 采用方便抽样法选取重庆市2所中学6 228名中学生作为研究对象进行问卷星调查,调查人口统计学特征、儿童期虐待经历以及焦虑、抑郁情况.采用相对权重分析不同虐待经历对青少年焦虑、抑郁的影响及其性别差...     

青少年童年期反复身体和情感虐待经历及其相关因素研究

目的描述童年期反复发生的重度身体虐待、中度身体虐待和情感虐待行为的报告率，分析青少年及其父母的人口统计学特征与3种反复虐待行为的关系。方法5453名初一，初二和高一、高二年级学生自愿参加无记名的问卷调查，回顾小学阶段经历的由父母或其他监护人实施的9项重度身体虐待，8项中度身体虐待和7项情感虐待行为，5141人提供了完整的问卷。以在小学年龄阶段，3种共24项虐待类型中至少1项虐待行为平均1a发生3次以上，界定为有该种童年期反复虐待经历。结果童年期反复重度身体虐待报告率为8．0％，从0．2％（把头按在水下）到6．6％（用脚踢）；童年期反复中度身体虐待报告率为18．6％，从0．4％（强迫吃难吃的东西）到9．7％（用手或棍棒打臀部）；童年期反复情感虐待报告率为14．4％，从0．8％（用恶鬼等恐吓）到11．8％（责骂）。多因素非条件logistic回归分析表明，在城市上学的农村户籍是3种童年期反复虐待行为的保护因素．女性是反复重度和中度身体虐待的保护因素，独生子女是中度身体虐待和情感虐待的保护因素；单亲家庭是重度和中度身体虐待的危险因素，父亲长期在外工作或打工是童年期反复重度身体虐待和情感虐待的危险因素，年龄大，继母为童年期反复情感虐待的危险因素。结论童年期反复身体和情感虐待行为较为常见，与青少年以及父母的人口统计特征存在关联。     

The burden of child maltreatment in China: a systematic review

Objective

To estimate the health and economic burdens of child maltreatment in China.

Methods

We did a systematic review for studies on child maltreatment in China using PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL-EBSCO, ERIC and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. We did meta-analyses of studies that met inclusion criteria to estimate the prevalence of child neglect and child physical, emotional and sexual abuse. We used data from the 2010 global burden of disease estimates to calculate disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost as a result of child maltreatment.

Findings

From 68 studies we estimated that 26.6% of children under 18 years of age have suffered physical abuse, 19.6% emotional abuse, 8.7% sexual abuse and 26.0% neglect. We estimate that emotional abuse in childhood accounts for 26.3% of the DALYs lost because of mental disorders and 18.0% of those lost because of self-harm. Physical abuse in childhood accounts for 12.2% of DALYs lost because of depression, 17.0% of those lost to anxiety, 20.7% of those lost to problem drinking, 18.8% of those lost to illicit drug use and 18.3% of those lost to self-harm. The consequences of physical abuse of children costs China an estimated 0.84% of its gross domestic product – i.e. 50 billion United States dollars – in 2010. The corresponding losses attributable to emotional and sexual abuse in childhood were 0.47% and 0.39% of the gross domestic product, respectively.

Conclusion

In China, child maltreatment is common and associated with large economic losses because many maltreated children suffer substantial psychological distress and might adopt behaviours that increase their risk of chronic disease.     

Childhood maltreatment in extremely obese male and female bariatric surgery candidates

OBJECTIVE: To examine rates of self-reported childhood maltreatment in extremely obese bariatric surgery candidates and to explore associations with sex, eating disorder features, and psychological functioning. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Three hundred forty (58 men and 282 women) extremely obese consecutive candidates for gastric bypass surgery completed a questionnaire battery. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was given to assess childhood maltreatment. RESULTS: Overall, 69% of patients self-reported childhood maltreatment: 46% reported emotional abuse, 29% reported physical abuse, 32% reported sexual abuse, 49% reported emotional neglect, and 32% reported physical neglect. Except for higher rates of emotional abuse reported by women, different forms of maltreatment did not differ significantly by sex. Different forms of maltreatment were generally not associated with binge eating, current BMI, or eating disorder features. At the Bonferonni-corrected significance level, emotional abuse was associated with higher eating concerns and body dissatisfaction, and emotional neglect was associated with higher eating concerns. In terms of psychological functioning, at the Bonferonni-corrected level, emotional abuse and emotional neglect were associated with higher depression and lower self-esteem, and physical abuse was associated with higher depression. DISCUSSION: Extremely obese bariatric surgery candidates reported rates of maltreatment comparable with those reported by clinical groups and roughly two to three times higher than normative community samples. Reported experiences of maltreatment differed little by sex and were generally not significantly associated with current BMI, binge eating, or eating disorder features. In contrast, maltreatment-notably emotional abuse and neglect-were significantly associated with higher depression and lower self-esteem.     

High school incompletion and childhood maltreatment among street‐involved young people in Vancouver,Canada

While the link between educational attainment and future health and wellness is well understood, little investigation has considered the potential impacts of distinct forms of childhood maltreatment on high school completion. In the present study, the relationship between five categories of childhood maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and physical and emotional neglect) and completion of high school education were examined using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). From September 2005 to May 2013, data were collected for the At‐Risk Youth Study (ARYS), a cohort of street‐involved young people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada. We used logistic regression to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and high school completion, while controlling for a range of potential confounding variables. Specifically, five separate models for each category of maltreatment and two combined models were employed to examine the relative associations between, and cumulative impact of, different forms of childhood maltreatment and educational attainment. Among 974 young people, 737 (76%) reported not completing high school. In separate multivariable analyses physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect remained positively and independently associated with an incomplete high school education. In a combined multivariable model with all forms of childhood maltreatment considered together, emotional abuse (adjusted odds ratio = 2.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.51–2.86) was the only form of maltreatment that remained significantly associated with an incomplete high school education. The cumulative impact assessment indicated a moderate dose‐dependent trend where the greater the number of different forms of childhood maltreatment the greater the risk of not completing a high school education. These findings point to the need for trauma‐informed interventions to improve educational attainment among vulnerable young people, as well as evidence‐based prevention programmes, such as the Nurse–Family Partnership, aimed at supporting at‐risk families before maltreatment occurs.     

Childhood psychological, physical, and sexual maltreatment in outpatients with binge eating disorder: frequency and associations with gender, obesity, and eating-related psychopathology

OBJECTIVE: To examine rates of reported childhood maltreatment in binge eating disorder (BED), and to explore associations with obesity, gender, eating disorder features, and associated functioning. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects were 145 consecutive outpatients with BED as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4(th) edition. Subjects were interviewed and they completed questionnaires to assess eating disorder features and functioning. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was given to assess childhood maltreatment in five domains (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect). RESULTS: A total of 83% of BED patients reported some form of childhood maltreatment. A total of 59% of BED patients reported emotional abuse, 36% reported physical abuse, 30% reported sexual abuse, 69% reported emotional neglect, and 49% reported physical neglect. There were no differences in the distribution of any form of childhood maltreatment by gender or by obesity status. The different forms of maltreatment were not associated with variability in current body mass index, binge eating, or in the attitudinal features of eating disorders. Only one of the five forms of maltreatment (physical neglect) was associated with dietary restraint in women. Emotional abuse was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction, higher depression, and lower self-esteem in men and women and sexual abuse was associated with greater body dissatisfaction in men. The different forms of maltreatment were unrelated to the age at onset of overweight, dieting, or binge eating. DISCUSSION: BED outpatients reported a wide range of childhood experiences of maltreatment that do not differ by gender or obesity status. Different forms of maltreatment were not associated with the onset of overweight, dieting, or binge eating, or with variability in current body mass index or eating disorder features (except for one association between physical neglect and dietary restraint). Reports of emotional abuse were associated with greater body dissatisfaction and depression and lower self-esteem in men and women and sexual abuse with greater body dissatisfaction in men.     

The legacy of child maltreatment: long-term health consequences for women

In 2001, over 903,000 children were victims of physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment and neglect. Available retrospective and longitudinal data suggest that child maltreatment has a significant negative impact directly on women's physical and mental health in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Additionally, childhood maltreatment is a critical risk factor for physical and sexual victimization in adulthood, especially by an intimate partner. The harmful effects of victimization in adulthood among women are substantial, and the negative outcomes of adulthood victimization are especially pronounced when there is a history of childhood maltreatment. Therefore, in addition to the direct effects in childhood, child maltreatment appears to have an indirect effect on women's physical and mental health by increasing the risk for victimization which, in turn, has a direct negative impact on health. The results of existing empirical studies point to the importance of preventing child maltreatment and its short-term and long-term consequences. Intervening at an early stage may reduce a child's likelihood of developing long-term health problems, and also reduce the public health burden of child maltreatment by preventing future health problems and revictimization in adulthood with all its negative health consequences.     

辽宁省师范类大学生社会支持对童年期心理虐待忽视影响自伤行为的中介作用

探究社会支持对童年期心理虐待与忽视影响自伤行为的中介效应,为教育管理部门制定师范生心理健康的干预策略提供理论依据.方法 采用童年期心理虐待与忽视量表、社会支持问卷和青少年自我伤害问卷,对分层抽取的辽宁省4所师范院校的1 502名学生进行调查,用SPSS 21.0和AMOS 21.0进行统计分析.结果 男生虐待总分、责骂和恐吓、情感和身体忽视得分均高于女生(P值均<0.05);城市生忽视总分及各维度、自伤行为得分均低于农村学生(P值均<0.05);非独生子女忽视总分及各维度得分高于独生子女(P值均<0.05).师范生童年期心理虐待、忽视与社会支持均呈负相关(P值均<0.01),与自伤行为均呈正相关(P值均<0.01).师范生社会支持在童年期心理虐待、忽视与自伤行为间的中介效应有统计学意义,分别占总效应的28.62%,33.42%.结论 师范生社会支持在童年期心理虐待、忽视与自伤行为间均有中介作用.