基于项目成本核算的社区公共卫生经费的财政预算方法探讨

一、深圳市社区公共卫生服务项目的运行成本 2009年,深圳市卫生和人口计划生育委员会委托中山大学基于本地社区的适宜技术,按《深圳市社区公共卫生服务包》[1]和《国家基本公共卫生规范》[2]的项目进行了运行成本测算.测算的社区公共卫生项目共有12个[3-4],其中国家项目9个(居民健康档案管理、健康教育、0～36个月儿童健康管理、孕产妇保健、老年人健康管理、预防接种传染病报告和处理、高血压患者管理、2型糖尿病患者管理、重性精神疾病患者管理),深圳市本地化社区公共卫生项目3个(社区诊断、社区康复、社区心理卫生).     

作业成本法在社区基本公共卫生服务项目成本测算中的应用

借鉴作业成本法的思想,测算无锡北塘区社区卫生服务中心应承担的9大类基本公共卫生服务项目的成本。结果显示：社区基本公共卫生服务项目中,经常性工作人均成本为37.57元/年（不含老年人健康体检实验室检查费用）;一次性工作（建立居民健康档案）人均成本为24.83元。建议政府适当提高对基本公共卫生服务相关项目的人均补助标准。     

深圳市基本公共卫生服务项目成本测算研究

目的分析深圳市公共卫生服务成本及其构成情况,为社区公共卫生服务项目补偿制度提供科学的依据。方法随机抽取深圳市67家社区健康服务中心进行公共卫生服务成本测算和调查。结果深圳市2013年基本公共卫生服务项目的实际项目总成本为21766.41万元,标化后的项目成本为23032.16万元,标化后的项目总成本高于实际项目总成本,人均成本为68.47。结论深圳市人均基本卫生服务成本与实际需求相比较低,公共卫生服务投入有待进一步提高,政府应根据公共卫生服务项目内涵的变化,结合深圳市人口结构、经济发展状况,提高基本公共卫生服务项目的经费补助以及进行资源的合理配置。     

基于“相对价值”量化标准的基层医疗卫生服务机构内部绩效考核模式

目的：探索建立基于“相对价值”量化标准的基层医疗卫生服务机构内部绩效考核模式。方法：以河南郑州市某县为例，采用研讨会以及访谈等方法，逐一确定案例地区各基层医疗卫生服务项目“相对价值”的量化标准（以“当量值”计）；在量化标准基础上，构建基层医疗卫生服务机构内部绩效考核指标体系和实施路径。结果：共建立城乡5大类180个基层医疗卫生服务项目“相对价值”的量化标准，其中社区医疗服务项目52个、社区护理服务项目16个、社区药剂项目5个、社区辅助检查服务项目23个和社区公共卫生服务项目84个。城乡5大类项目当量值平均为3.99/4.11、1.49/1.77、0.5/0.5、0.96/0.96，2.21/2.58个标准服务当量。结论：基于“相对价值”量化标准，基层医疗卫生服务机构内部绩效考核指标体系简化为“岗位工作当量值总数”X“岗位工作质量效果系数”。     

农村公共卫生项目投入标准测算研究课题概述

目的界定农村公共卫生服务项目,测算农村公共卫生服务项目的实际成本和投入标准,为确定农村公共卫生经费保障水平提供参考。方法采用文献归纳分析、专家咨询论证、机构调查、成本核算等方法进行项目界定、项目成本核算和投入标准的测算。结果(1)形成了我国农村公共卫生服务的8类职能、23项类别和59个项目,据此作为农村公共卫生服务项目投入测算的标准;(2)探索并研制了农村公共卫生服务项目投入标准测算的一整套思路与方法,包括"农村"范围的界定、农村公共卫生服务项目的界定、样本地区项目实际成本测算、样本地区单位项目实际成本测算、标准成本测算以及全国项目投入标准测算6步骤;(3)现有国力水平下,如果县、乡、村三级机构的基本医疗服务项目不纳入国家财政补助范围,要求百分之百落实现有项目任务,则需投入696.48亿元,人均50.53元;如果仅将乡、村两级的基本医疗纳入财政补偿范围,则需投入人均84.30元,全国732.84亿元;如果县、乡、村三级的基本医疗成本均列入国家财政补助范围,则需投入人均132.84元,全国1154.87亿元。     

社区家庭访视工作量测算方法

在全科服务团队运作过程中，由全科医生、公卫医生和社区护士互相协作、专业互补，共同承担责任区内基本医疗和公共卫生服务。在实际工作中，测算团队社区卫生服务的工作量，通过对工作量分配和完成情况的分析、比较，可以为判断、调整人员数量和结构以及建立团队绩效评估体系和与政府补偿相匹配的服务成本核算机制提供重要的依据。     

医疗服务项目成本测算探析

2013年我院被确定为《全国医疗服务价格项目规范（2012年版）》医疗服务成本测算单位,我院历时三个多月对部分医疗服务项目进行了成本测算。笔者就整个测算过程、方法、结果分析进行论述与大家一起探讨。     

深圳市社区公共卫生服务包运行成本测算概述

2007年,深圳市在全国率先设计并试行了“社区公共卫生服务包”。为给政府制定财政投入政策和拟定人员配备标准提供科学的研究证据,参考了国内外成本核算研究的经验,根据深圳市社区健康服务发展的实际情况．将服务包运行成本分为人力成本和基本支持与保障成本2个部分并分别予以测算。前者通过收集服务流程时间,根据有效工作时间和当地行业人均收入折算成货币成本;后者主要包括管理、培训、业务用房租金、设备折旧、水电与维修费几个部分。结果发现保证社区公共卫生服务包的良好运行,政府只需按一般性财政支出约1％的比例拨付维持经费。     

公立医院公共卫生工作成本测算

目的探讨公立医院公共卫生工作成本测算方法。方法借鉴当量法和作业成本法原理,收集某三级甲等公立医院A 2016年公共卫生工作资料,对公立医院公共卫生工作项目进行界定,以不同职业人员开展公共卫生项目的工作时长和单位时间人力成本测算人力成本;依据开展公共卫生项目年工作时长占全体职员年工作时长比例分摊开展公共卫生项目公用经费支出;分科室统计专用设备折旧费和医药耗材费;最后累加人力成本、专用设备折旧费、医药耗材费和公用经费,获得公共卫生工作成本。结果 A医院2016年公共卫生工作总成本为1 476.84万元,其中人力成本为915.78万元,专用设备折旧费为139.45万元,医药耗材费为66.3万元,公用经费为355.31万元。结论借鉴当量法和作业成本法的原理开展医院公共卫生工作成本测算,流程简单,可操作性强,可在各级公立医院推广应用。     

深圳市社区公共卫生服务包成本测算的思路设计

基于深圳市特殊的社区键康服务运行机制、当地社区公共卫生服务包的试行经验,提出将服务包成本分为人力成本、基本支持与保障成本,并分别进行测算的成本研究思路。从服务包运行的服务流程以及社区公共卫生的工作要求出发,给出了人力成本计算的公式,同时提出了基本支持与保障成本中几种重要成本的测算方法。     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

骨钙素与儿童生长发育

骨钙素是成骨细胞分泌的骨蛋白 ,骨钙素水平与成骨细胞活性成正相关 ,是一项很好的反映骨形成与骨转化的生化指标。小儿骨生长发育有自身特点 ,骨钙素水平的改变类似儿童身高生长曲线 ,可以很好地应用于评价儿童生长发育及监测生长障碍患儿对治疗的反应     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

Car ownership and the association between fruit and vegetable availability and diet

Objective

Nearly all research on the food environment and diet has not accounted for car ownership — a potential key modifying factor. This study examined the modifying effect of car ownership on the relationship between neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and intake.

Methods

Data on respondents' (n = 760) fruit and vegetable intake, car ownership, and demographics came from the 2008 New Orleans Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Shelf space data on fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables were collected in 2008 from a random sample of New Orleans stores (n = 114). Availability measures were constructed by summing the amount of fruit and vegetable shelf space in all stores within defined distances from respondent households. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and were run separately for respondents with and without a car.

Results

Fruit and vegetable availability was positively associated with intake among non-car owners. An additional 100 m of shelf space within 2 km of a residence was predictive of a half-serving/day increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Availability was not associated with intake among car owners.

Conclusions

Future research and interventions to increase neighborhood healthy food options should consider car ownership rates in their target areas as an important modifying factor.